1. The Protestant Reformation1

2. Contributing Factors to the Reformation
Precipitating Factors
100 Years War and Black Death
Renaissance secularism and humanism
Emphasis on individual
Scientific advances
The printing press
Church greed and corruption
Wealth and excess of Church leaders (Borgia and Medici Popes)
Lay investiture
Avignon papacy
Sale of indulgences

3. Luther and the German Reformation
Luther troubled by the sale of indulgences
Tetzel was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
Luther posts his 95 Theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31, 1517

4. Luther and the German Reformation
Pope pays little attention to the Luther at first
Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
Luther goes into hiding 1521
The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany

5. The Spread of Lutheranism5

6. The Printing Press 6

7. Henry and the English Reformation
Henry VIII’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon
Henry seeks an annulment
Henry creates the Church of England (Anglican) and establishes supremacy over it
A “political reformation” only at first

8. Zurich Very urban, cosmopolitan
Reformer Ulrich Zwingli opposed purgatory, clerical celibacy, intercession of the saints, and salvation by works
The death of Zwingli

9. Geneva (French-speaking)
John Calvin’s leadership in Geneva ( )
Stress on order and rigorous adherence to God’s law
A “Quasi-theocracy”
Very austere religion practiced in Geneva
Self-discipline and the “Protestant Work Ethic” and notion of predestination

10. Calvin’s World in the 16c 10

11. Protestant Churches in France (Late 16c)11

12. Dutch persecution of Anabaptists (Mennonites)
The Anabaptists
Dutch persecution of Anabaptists (Mennonites) 12

13. Reformation Europe (Late 16c)13