1. 课件三： the Reformation 宗教改革 （ 3-0-0 ） 一、宗教改革的背景； 二、德国的宗教改革； 三、瑞士的宗教改革；

2. Sailing the Indulgences 出售赎罪券 （ 3-1-1 ） In 1517, a preacher named Tetzel came to a nearby village, offering indulgences ( 赎罪券） to those who would contribute to the building of new Cathedral of St.Peter, at Roma. He said: “So soon as coin in coffer rings, the soul from Purgatory ( 炼狱 ) springs.”

3. Martin Luther (1483-1546) 马丁 · 路德 （ 3-1-2 ） German leader of the Reformation. In 1507, being a priest, he began a career as a theological teacher ， later a professor. He developed (1512-13) the idea of justification by faith, and attacked (1517) Tetzel’s sale of indulgence, by posting 95 theses on the church door at Wittenburg. In Wartburg Castle, he began his German translation of the Bible (1521- 22). His popularity was weakened by his opposition to the Peasants’ War (1524-25).

4. Luther’s 95 theses (Oct.31,1517) 路德张贴《九十五条论纲》 （ 3-1-3 ） These were ninety-five short statements relating to indulgences, and in posting them, Luther was simply inviting learned professors to discuss the statements pro and con in order to determine, if possible, whether the practices of such agents of church as Tetzel were or were not in accord with the true doctrine.

5. Munzer (c.1490-1525) 闵采尔 (3-2-1) Thomas Munzer was a priest and former follower of Martin Luther. Later he became a leader in peasant uprisings in central Germany in 1525.

6. German Peasants war (1524-25) 德國農民戰爭 （ 3-2-2 ） 三个中心： 1 、士瓦本地区 （ Swaibia, 西 南 部） ; 2 、法兰克尼亚地 区（ Franconia, 中西部）； 3 、萨克森 (Saxony) 和图林根 (Thurigia) 地区 （中东部）； 中文 共產主義資料庫 德國農民戰爭 上一篇回到上層下一篇 德國農民戰爭圖 上一篇回到上層下一篇 中文 共產主義資料庫

7. John Calvin (1509-1564) 加尔文 （ 3-3-1 ） French reformer and theologian. He established a strict Presbyterian government in Geneva. He taught that it was the right and duty of the state to aid the Church, that biblical authority was to be set above Church tradition, that the sacraments （圣礼、圣事） were of value but not essential, and that he taught predestination ( 预定论）. His teaching spread to the Netherlands and Scotland, and influenced the Puritans in England and in New England.