1. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 1 Unit 1: Recognizing Computers LessonTopic 1Computers All Around Us 2Looking at Networks 3Elements of a Personal Computer 4Understanding Memory 5Identifying Input/Output Devices 6Working with Storage Systems 7Looking at Printers 8Basic Troubleshooting Techniques 9Buying a Computer 10Looking at Software Applications 11Using the Computer Computing Fundamentals Using Windows Vista – IC³ Module 1

2. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 2 Lesson 1: Computers All Around Us Supercomputer Mainframe Minicomputer Personal Computer Notebook or Laptop Personal Digital Assistant Pocket PC Cellular Phones Other Electronic Computing Devices

3. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 3 How Computers Can Be Used Computers: −Used in variety of industries −Perform variety of tasks Companies have combination of large and small systems Power and speed main characteristics differentiate computer types

4. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 4 Large Systems Supercomputer considered fastest type of computer −Very expensive due to amount of information processed −Generally specialized software programs installed −Used for scientific and engineering −Power used to run and perform calculations

5. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 5 Large Systems Mainframe computers fill an entire room −Can simultaneously handle hundreds of programs and users without sacrificing performance −Processes large volumes of data at incredible speeds −Commonly found in government agencies or large organizations −Sometimes called centralized systems

6. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 6 Large Systems Minicomputers fill part of a room −Process data at slower rate and smaller volumes −Noticeable reduction in speed with more users −Commonly found in medium-sized manufacturing companies and legal or accounting firms

7. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 7 Personal Computers Microcomputers process data quickly, and designed for one user Two main types of microcomputers: PC or Apple (Mac) Most companies use PCs for variety of software programs Apples traditionally used in specialized industries, e.g., graphics design New software have few differences between computers

8. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 8 Notebooks or Laptop Computers Portable microcomputers similar to desktop models in speed, performance and usage Not always popular due to weight and design elements Newer models smaller and lighter and the size of paper notebook Accessories can enhance enjoyment and experience Cost now relatively low compared to when first introduced

9. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 9 Tablets Similar to notebook but screen can swivel or fold over Can write or select items using special pen for tablet Touch screen capability allows data entry using finger, pen or stylo device, or built-in keyboard Used in hospitals, home inspectors, engineers or sales people Can also be used for electronic/interactive books

10. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 10 Personal Digital Assistants Small palm-sized computers Software installed with features for organizing information Pocket PC has microprocessor chip and software to create documents as well as organizer program for PDAs Can include digital camera, video/audio, or Internet options

11. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 11 Personal Digital Assistants Newer cellular phones can include −access to Internet −software to create documents −listen to music −take pictures or video −send text messages or e-mail Cost varies with number of features and capabilities

12. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 12 Workstations Essentially any computer with no local drive for storage All information comes from central network Usually requires a lot of power for processing files Operating system likely Unix or Windows NT Can be connected to network −For multiple users who share same software or data files −Could be used solely by one person

13. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 13 Other Types of Computers Automobiles have computers in engine to help diagnose problems Automated Teller Machines use specialized software to interact with bank’s database network Manufacturing uses computerized robotic technology and systems to control or run production equipment Health industry use computerized equipment or customized software to help analyze information Computer very large advanced calculator that performs tasks −Based on hexadecimal computations of 1 or 0 Need network to communicate with others or share information

14. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 14 Lesson 2: Looking at Networks What a network is Different types of networks Features and benefits of networks How computers connect and interact with a network

15. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 15 What is a Network? System that allows two or more computers to communicate and share resources Sometimes called centralized systems as all data flows to and from these computers Storage system is generally quite large, designed to store software programs and data files Can be a combination of PCs, Apple machines, dumb or smart terminals, Unix, or Linux systems Connected via cables or wireless connection type

16. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 16 Types of Networks LAN Local Area Network - computers connected in confined area WAN Wide Area Network - computers connected over long distances MAN Metropolitan Area Network - computers connected in metropolitan area CAN Campus Area Network - computers connected in limited area HAN Home Area Network - computers connected in a home environment

17. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 17 Types of Networks Each computer requires: −Network interface card (NIC) −Appropriate cables to connect to network server Server dedicated to handle requests for information Information stored on mainframe and nothing at user’s location Client/Server networks have PCs that function on own and connect to network for information

18. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 18 Features and Benefits Larger storage capacity for company data −Organize data more effective for access by all users Shared resources Administer and manage secure access using network software −Maintain updates on programs from one location −Consistent configurations for new users −Back up (or restore) company data −Different profiles for users sharing workstations −Secure remote access by users away from office

19. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 19 Connecting to a Network Network interface card (NIC): −Must be installed −Must b set up correctly −Wireless connection also needs router Once NIC installed, computer must be set to find network −Network connection software needed

20. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 20 Interacting with Networks Logging into network requires valid user id and password Computer might run script to tell network what access rights you have If using program or accessing file stored on network, sending request to network for that item Speed to access items depends on: −network connection speed −server microprocessor speed −microprocessor speed on your system −number of other requests being made on network

21. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 21 Lesson 3: Elements of a Personal Computer What makes up a personal computer What a system unit is What makes up a system unit The motherboard The microprocessor chip The power supply Expansion slots

22. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 22 An Overview Four elements make up personal computer system −User, software, hardware and electricity Central element is user who needs to perform task Software requires certain hardware components Equipment called HARD ware as can physically touch components Programs called SOFT ware as only function while computer on −Coded set of instructions computer uses through series of on/off signals to perform task On/off signals begin when you first turn on computer which requires electricity

23. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 23 An Overview Four major hardware component parts: −Central Processing Unit (CPU) −Random Access Memory (RAM) −Input/Output (I/O) Devices −Storage Devices Can also be referenced as: − Internal device installed inside system unit − External device plugged into connection outside computer Decision to use internal versus external device depends on your requirements

24. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 24 Looking at the System Unit Most important and expensive part of computer system Can be Desktop or Tower box Many separate devices inside box for specialized functions −If devices fails, usually can be replaced Desktop Box Tower Box

25. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 25 The Motherboard Largest electronic circuit board in computer called motherboard −Foundation of computer −Consists of CPU, RAM, and ROM BIOS −Lies on bottom of box or side of tower Contains number of items to make computer work or to expand capability

26. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 26 Looking at the System Unit CPU Slot/ Microprocessor RAM Slots AGP Slot Input/Output Slots Expansion/PCI Slots

27. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 27 Looking at the System Unit Expansion Expands computer by adding items such as graphics card, etc. PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect ; add new components or cards such as modem or sound card. AGP Accelerated Graphics Port ; handles 3-D graphics. CPU Central Processing Unit ; contains microprocessor chip. RAM Random Access Memory ; designed for these memory chips. System Clock Determines time and date as set in BIOS; runs on battery. Input/Output Connects various input/output devices such as mouse or keyboard.

28. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 28 The Microprocessor Chip Often called “brain” of computer Located on motherboard Receives and executes instructions from software programs activated by user Processes information and instructions at speeds −Measured in Megahertz ( MHz ) or Gigahertz ( GHz )

29. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 29 The Microprocessor Chip Processor (CPU)MHz or GHz 8088 (XT)4 to 10 MHz 80286 (286 or AT)8 to 16 MHz 80386SX/DX (386SX/DX)16 to 33 MHz 80486 (486)25 to 100 MHz Pentium60 to 200 MHz 6x86120 to 166 MHz Pentium (MMX)166 to 200 MHz Pentium PRO150 to 200 MHz Pentium II200 to 400 MHz Pentium III500 MHz to 1.2 GHz Pentium 4 or Pentium M1.4 to 3.2+ GHz Pentium 55 GHz to 7 GHz

30. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 30 The Power Supply Every system box has one Converts AC from wall outlet to DC format needed by computer Needs between 5v and 12v −5v for circuit boards −12v for hard drives and CD-ROMs −Newer computer systems generally use lower voltages

31. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 31 Expansion Slots Openings at back or front of system unit, or sides of notebook Expand components −Circuit board with new device can be added to motherboard −Could be more memory chips, sound cards, video adapter cards or internal modems To install, match bottom or side of card to same type of slot

32. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 32 Lesson 4: Understanding Memory What is memory How memory is measured ROM memory RAM memory Cache memory

33. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 33 Looking at Memory Computer needs memory installed to store information Measured in bytes Computers developed using a numbering system of 1s and 0s −Represent charged or uncharged nature of electricity known as binary system −These two digits make a bit and eight bits make one byte 1 Kilobyte=1,024 Bytes 1 Megabyte=1,048,576 Bytes 1 Gigabyte=1,073,741,824 Bytes 1 Terabyte=1,099,511,627,776 Bytes 1 Petabyte (PB)=1,125,899,906,842,624 Bytes All data made up of bytes in combinations calculated by computer −Every file used in software program has specific file size −Data file size increases or decreases based on contents stored

34. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 34 Read Only Memory (ROM) BIOS Group of integrated circuits responsible for: −Starting computer −Checking RAM −Loading operating system Occurs only when computer first turned on or each time you restart (reboot) computer Reads information entered and processes it during time it resides in memory −When information complete, clears itself and waits for next entry −Does not perform any tasks other than reads information and processes it

35. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 35 Random Access Memory (RAM) Located on motherboard Holds copy of current software program and data being used Volatile −Only works when computer on and information “vanishes” when computer off May be used for system, video/sound cards, or cache Measured in nano seconds (ns) or one billionth of second Access time −Speed from time request until completed

36. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 36 Random Access Memory (RAM) Processor (CPU)MHz / GHzTypical RAM 8088 (XT)4 to 10640Kb 80286 (286 or AT)8 to 161 to 2Mb 80386SX/DX (386SX/DX)16 to 331 to 8Mb 80486 (486)25 to 1004 to 32Mb Pentium60 to 2008Mb plus 6x86120 to 16616Mb plus Pentium (MMX)166 to 20016 to 32Mb Pentium PRO150 to 20032Mb plus Pentium II200 to 40032Mb plus Pentium III500 to 1.264Mb plus Pentium 41.4 to 2.2128Mb plus Pentium 55 to 7256Mb plus

37. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 37 Cache Memory Stores frequently used instructions or data Two types of memory used: −DRAM or Dynamic RAM constantly refreshes, using only what it needs −SRAM or Static RAM is specific amount of RAM that is never refreshed Generally two levels: − Level 1 known as primary or internal cache and built onto processor chip − Level 2 known as external cache and made up of SRAM chips; larger in size but slower due to SRAM chips Instruction goes to Level 1, then Level 2, and then to RAM −Results in delays at each level −If instruction not here, searches hard or CD-ROM drive

38. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 38 Lesson 5: Identifying Input/Output Devices What are input/output devices Monitor Video cards Keyboard Mouse Microphones Speakers Scanner Joysticks Digital cameras Digital video cameras/converters Environmental/scientific devices

39. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 39 What are Input/Output Devices? Enables communication between user and computer Three classifications of Input/Output devices: −Send information to computer −Display/transmit information from computer −Communicate between computers Input device −Anything used to enter data into computer Output device −Anything used to display data on or from computer

40. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 40 Looking at the Monitor On/off power switch usually at front, right side, or back Brightness and contrast controls used to sharpen image Comes in variety of sizes, resolution, and types −The larger the size, the larger the image and more expensive −Resolution refers to sharpness and clarity −The newer the style, the more expensive it will be

41. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 41 Using Video Cards Need to view screen contents All computers have standard video card −Can purchase other video cards with more memory Can install second video card to view information on two monitors Type and cost vary significantly −Rule of thumb: the more options you want, the more it will cost

42. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 42 Using the Keyboard Input device used to send information to computer Primary tool for inputting alphanumeric data or instruct computer via series of keystrokes Windows Key Escape Key Function Keys Alt Key Ctrl Key Cursor Movement Keys Numeric Keypad

43. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 43 Using the Keyboard Variety of keyboards, including issues such as ergonomics May contain buttons to enhance multimedia experience while using computer All keyboards share same keys for document processing Special keyboards can be used for games

44. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 44 Using the Keyboard Typewriter Keys Referred to as QWERTY keyboard after top left row of letters Use to entering text or commands into computer When entering numerical data, be sure to use key instead of key, and (zero) key versus key Most keys standard with some special keys available on computer keyboard Some keys also used in combination with other keys −Press first key and hold down as you tap second key once −After second key released, release first key

45. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 45 Using the Keyboard Executes typed command, performs selected option, marks end of line, or creates blank line. Deletes one character to left of flashing cursor; may show as left arrow (  ). Also on numeric keypad as ; deletes character above or to right of flashing cursor. Inserts blank spaces between words or sentences. Cancels current selection, or generates special code for computer; called the Escape key. Advances cursor to right by specified number of spaces in word processing program, or to next cell in spreadsheet program. Selects uppercase letters for typewriter keys and punctuation symbols on number keys. Can use with other keys to perform function or task.

46. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 46 Using the Keyboard Locks letter keys to produce only uppercase characters. Provides secondary meaning or function for almost every other key. Displays Start menu. Displays shortcut menu similar to right-clicking item. Options in menu depend on where mouse pointer was when key pressed. Provides secondary meaning or function for almost every other key. Move cursor up, down, left or right. Located between typewriter keys and numeric keypad. Captures snapshot of information on screen. In DOS, sends to printer; in Windows, sends to Clipboard. Toggle (start and stop) scrolling display of data on screen. +Stop or freeze computer, then continues when any key pressed; sends Break code to computer to unfreeze or unhang computer.

47. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 47 Using the Keyboard Function Keys Located along top row Labeled through to −Each key assigned special meaning or function in application programs −Primary purpose to provide shortcut for commonly used commands Cursor and Numeric Keypad Located at far right Can toggle on and off by pressing key −When on, pad becomes calculator or numeric pad −When off, pad becomes arrow or cursor movement pad

48. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 48 Using the Mouse Device used to move mouse pointer around screen −Moving mouse on flat surface causes mouse ball to rotate and initiates movement reflected on screen −Same principal if using trackball or thumb mouse Usually two buttons: left to select and right to activate features Wheel Button Mouse Track Ball Thumb Button

49. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 49 Using the Mouse Click Point mouse cursor at item, then press left mouse button once and release button to select item. Double-Click Point mouse cursor at item and then click left mouse button twice quickly to initiate programs or open files. Right-Click Point mouse cursor at item and then click right mouse button to display shortcut menu. Left Drag Press and hold left mouse button while moving mouse moves items or selects multiple items. Right Drag Press and hold right mouse button while moving mouse moves or copies items. When button released, shortcut menu appears for further command selection. Middle Wheel or Button Customize to perform certain actions, e.g., use wheel to scroll up or down. Thumb Buttons Customize buttons where thumb rests for specific tasks.

50. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 50 Using the Mouse To move traditional mouse: −Grasp mouse with palm down, and index finger gently resting on first button −Slide mouse flat along desk −If out of space on desk, lift mouse and place in new position to continue moving To move trackball: −Rotate ball in direction desired with thumb, resting index finger on first button and the rest of hand on desk −Will not run out of space on desk but need to get used to rotating ball To cancel any option: −Click anywhere away from option being selected on screen with left mouse button

51. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 51 Looking at Other Input/Output Devices Digitized or Graphics Tablets −Designed for graphics design −Records information from special pen −Provides very good resolution for drawings −Variety of sizes, resolution, software or custom settings Microphones −Record sounds and converts into digital format −Variety of sizes and shapes −Need specialized software for voice recognition Speakers −Play sounds saved as digital files −Many different forms of sound files

52. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 52 Looking at Input/Output Devices Scanners −“Takes picture” of original and then converts to digital format −Can handle pictures as well as text −Depends on software included with scanner Joysticks −Designed to use with games −Variety of joysticks −Depends on type of game

53. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 53 Looking at Input/Output Devices Digital Cameras −Takes pictures automatically as digital files and then transfers directly to computer −Can use with photo printer, or compact flash reader device for storage Digital Video Cameras or Converters −Converts video into digital files −Variety of digital video cameras −Can connect directly to computer, or may need require converter device

54. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 54 Looking at Input/Output Devices Bar Code Readers −Reduces amount of data entry for routine transactions or verification of product −Scans or reads product code −Come in variety of styles Projector −Displays information on screen only, to projector only, or both −Can be purchased to suit requirements Remote Controls −Allows speaker to to access projector or computer −Variety available for someone who can’t use traditional keyboard or mouse

55. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 55 Other input devices include: −Environmental or scientific measuring specific data −Physically disabled or disadvantaged users −Voice recognition (software interprets speech to text characters on screen) −Wireless devices activated using head or mouth to operate items −Screen readers that translate text on screen to Braille characters −Control devices −Type of remote control that manages or controls tasks Work similar to any other input/output device connected to PC to collect data for analysis with specialized software programs Looking at Input/Output Devices

56. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 56 Recognizing Ports Can be categorized into: −Parallel ports, e.g., printers −Serial ports, e.g., mouse −SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) ports, e.g., CD writer −USB (Universal Serial Bus ) ports, e.g., newer devices −Network or Internet ports, e.g., computer on network, modem, or Internet −Midi (musical instrument digitized interface) ports, similar to parallel or serial but handle musical devices −Infrared ports recognize infrared light waves Connect multiple devices on port using extension cable, hubs, or “daisy-chaining” devices −If need more USB connections, can connect with hub Cables can convert input or output device to match installed port type

57. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 57 Lesson 6: Working with Storage Systems What are storage systems Floppy disks drives Hard disk drives CD drives Other storage devices How to identify a disk drive

58. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 58 What Are Storage Systems? Store software programs and permanent record of work −Information in RAM discarded when computer’s power turned off −Save work to storage device before exiting software program or turning off power Which storage device depends on amount of storage needed and data transfer rate −Hard disk drives used most often due to speed and storage capacities −When writing to CD, data transfer rate slower but CDs store large amounts of data for quick retrieval −Tape drives slower at storing and retrieving but store large amounts of data in compact and economical form

59. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 59 Identifying the Floppy Disk Drive Horizontal or vertical slot at front of CPU or side of notebook When disk put into drive, unit clamps disk down at central hole or hub, and spins it at high speed Floppy disk is fragile storage medium To use disk: −Hold disk by label −Insert into drive with metal cover towards drive and hub (spinning device) of disk facing bottom of drive −Disk should click into drive when inserted properly and eject button will pop out −To remove disk from drive, press eject button

60. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 60 Working with Hard Disk Drives Primary storage for both data and programs Similar in design to floppy disk, but stores and retrieves more information at faster speeds Consists of one or more disk media Spins at speeds of 5400 RPM or more Usually fixed inside computer and can have several read/write heads per surface Range in capacity from 100Mb to 1Tb+ Drives in servers very large for storage needs

61. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 61 Working with CD Drives Another storage device with average capacity around 650Mb Information read-only as surface can only be burned once CD recordable drives can burn and read CDs −The higher the speed, the faster information is read and transferred to computer To insert CD, push eject button to open drive tray, place CD on tray, press eject button to retract CD tray When handling CDs, hold by edge or with finger in middle hole for support and rest of hand holding edge New computers have at least one CD, CD-RW, or DVD drive

62. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 62 CD Writers Commonly referred to as burner Looks and acts like regular CD-ROM drive, but can record information onto blank CD Two types of technology for writing to CD: − CD-R: write once only to blank CD, but CD can be read multiple times − CD-RW: read and write multiple times to CD Cost of blank CDs relatively low with CD-R disks being much lower in cost than CD-RW Software comes with burner and must be installed on computer before you can burn data onto blank CD

63. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 63 DVD Drives CD drive that reads digital versatile/video disc formatted CDs Stores information from 4.7Gb to 17+Gb with rapid access speeds DVD-ROM −Reads data only and can be used in DVD players to play video DVD-R −Records onto blank DVD once and read multiple times −Can be read in DVD player and DVD drive DVD-RW −Records multiple times onto blank DVD and read multiple times −Can be read in DVD player as well as DVD drive DVD-RAM −Similar to DVD-RW but only be used on devices with this specific format Cost of DVD-R discs are currently lower than DVD-RW discs

64. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 64 Using Other Types of Storage Devices SuperDisk Drives −Stores up to 120Mb of data onto disk −Can read traditional 3½” 1.44Mb floppy disk −Relatively inexpensive Tape Drives −Uses cartridge with magnetic tape to store data −Generally for backup of large amounts of data −Different formats available, with tape sizes from 250Mb to over 80Gb −New drives use Digital Audio Tape (DAT) format −Smaller and faster than traditional tape drives −Can take large size tapes and transfer data at speeds that exceed 7.2Gb per hour

65. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 65 Using Other Types of Storage Devices Zip Drives −Similar to floppy drive except disk can hold between 100Mb and 250Mb of data −Can store large amounts of data with relatively inexpensive cost −Newer systems not compatible with 100Mb devices Jaz Drives −Similar to zip drive and can store up to 2Gb −Very fast transfer rate (5.5Mb per second) −Cost still relatively expensive

66. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 66 Using Other Types of Storage Devices Flash or Memory Cards −Use to increase number of pictures or video taken −The larger the storage size, the higher the price −Insert or plug into digital device to save to another device −Very popular for sharing any types of files between computers

67. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 67 Virtual Storage Systems Generally provided by Internet Service Providers (ISP) to save information on virtual/Web/Internet storage system Need secure ID and password to access information Have files available from any location with Internet access Cost varies, depending on requirements −Most ISPs offer standard size but can buy more −Many companies sell more cost-effective storage services for large amounts of data Very useful for off-site backup storage of data, or as “central system” for people around world Downside is Internet connection speed

68. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 68 Identifying Disk Drives Computers generally have one floppy disk drive, a hard disk drive, and a CD drive Each drive assigned letter and shown as Drive [D]: or [D]: General rule of thumb for identifying drives: Floppy DrivesA or B Hard DrivesC or higher for each hard drive installed CD/DVD DrivesD or higher for each drive installed Flash/Jump DrivesE or higher for each drive inserted Network DrivesF or higher for each network drive Can add or remove drives as required Can have drives of different sizes Limited only by computer specifications

69. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 69 Lesson 7: Looking at Printers What are printers Dot matrix printers Ink jet printers Bubble jet printers Laser printers Miscellaneous types of printers

70. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 70 Using Printers Considered output devices as they display what is on screen when you activate Print command Can print file in all applications with different options for printing file −Options vary depending on printer installed Different types of printers available −Which one you choose or use depends on needs, and cost considerations

71. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 71 Dot Matrix Printer Consists of print head constructed with matrix of 9 or 24 pins that “hammer” onto ink ribbon −The more pins, the better quality of output −Models with 9 pins called Near Letter Quality (NLQ) −Models with 24 pins called Letter Quality (LQ) Average printer prints 192 characters per second (cps); high- speed models print up to 550cps Useful for printing multi-part documents Advantage of tractor feed for continuous, fan-folded computer paper Very affordable to buy and maintain −Cost of consumables less than other printers Print quality acceptable for text but supports low-resolution graphics

72. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 72 Inkjet Printer Developed after laser printer and considered “laser comparable” Uses tiny nozzles in print head to inject ink directly onto paper Average inkjet printer has about 64 nozzles and can print resolutions from 300-1200 dpi Print speeds measured in terms of pages per minute (ppm) or characters per second (cps) Costs less than laser printer and produces high-resolution text and graphics Disadvantage is cost of consumables Research how many pages ink cartridges produce on average, and at what price Most inkjet printers use ordinary cut sheet plain paper

73. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 73 Bubble Jet Printer Difference between ink jet and bubble jet is how the print head propels ink Printing mechanism fires droplets of ink onto paper through nozzles in print head −Ink pushed out of nozzles by expanding bubbles Average of 64 nozzles and capable of producing 300 to 1200 dpi resolution Cost less than laser printers and produce high-resolution text and graphics output Research cost and output of bubble jet printer ink cartridges Plain paper can be used in most models

74. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 74 Laser Printer Uses same laser beam electrostatic printing method as photocopier −Laser light “writes” images onto photosensitive drum Produces high quality print on all kinds of media Capable of printing from 300-1200 dpi Cost of laser toner cartridge higher, but cost per page lower Maintenance also tends to be quite low Do cost analysis for large amount of copies −Print on color laser versus sending to printer Productivity can increase significantly by increasing amount of RAM memory in printer

75. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 75 Miscellaneous Types of Printers Combination of general office devices in printer “Printer All-in-One” model type of printer can be very cost effective for small business −Purchase one device instead of two or three devices for common tasks Size of machine varies on features printer comes with Check specifications for device −Does it have all features you want or need now and in future

76. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 76 Miscellaneous Types of Printers Plotters −Print images onto very large pieces of paper −Many plotters manufacturers replaced technology with color lasers Photo Printers −Connect directly with digital camera to print directly to photo paper −Can get exceptional quality as designed to handle photographic images −Variety of sizes and features

77. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 77 Replenishing Printer Supplies Include in printer choice should be cost and disposal of printer supplies Recycle paper as with mailings or general correspondence Throwing away printer cartridges can damage environment Consider recycling printer cartridges by: −Refilling them −Taking to supplier who disposes cartridges in a safe manner Number of organizations also pay for specific types of cartridges or give discounts on new or refilled cartridges for each one you recycle Can donate used printer cartridges to charity for recycling

78. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 78 Lesson 8: Basic Troubleshooting Techniques How to increase the computer’s performance What to look for when installing hardware What to do if the hardware does not work General maintenance considerations for the computer How to dispose of older or non-working components

79. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 79 Increasing the Computer’s Performance If system seems to respond slower or not at all, could be result of: −System resources are low, especially in RAM memory −Too much network traffic −Not enough space on hard drive for operating system −File size is large and will not open or close −Program has failed for whatever reason −Conflict in system device files −Operating system, software program, or data file may be corrupt −Device you want to access has loose connection or not plugged in −Modem connection too slow or not big enough to handle transfer of information −Virus on your system now active −System full or has excessive number of temporary files on it

80. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 80 Troubleshooting the Problem How can you increase overall performance? −Change microprocessor chip −Increase amount of RAM memory chips for system −Change video card and amount of RAM for video card −Change network type and connections −Increase size of hard drive for storage −Clean hard drive of any older files no longer used or needed −Change modem connection type −Record error messages and work with technical support to determine what problem might be or where it may originate −Run antivirus check on your system −Make sure all components plugged in, active, online, or exist

81. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 81 Working with Hardware Follow logical path to try and isolate problem and how to resolve: −Hardware securely plugged in −Check cable or cord in good condition −Turn computer off and restart it −Never force connection between device and port −Were any files deleted recently −Have you upgraded or installed new software recently −If mouse or keys sticking, turn computer off and clean cloth −Can purchase kits to clean keyboard, mouse or CD drives

82. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 82 Working with Hardware If problem is with printing: −Check if printer on, paper jam, or printer doors/trays open −Consider quality of printer cartridges if printing smudged or smeared −Check connection from printer to computer or network −Try turning printer off and on to reset connection Possible problems with disk drive: −If cannot access file from floppy disk, may need to clean drive or drive damaged −If problems accessing data from hard drive, could be indicator of more serious problem −If maintenance tools run and error messages still indicate failure to access file, call technical support

83. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 83 Installing New Hardware When installing new hardware and device does not work, check: −Is device connected securely in its port? −Is device connected to appropriate port? −During installation, did you see any error messages? Always read instructions completely before starting installation Windows generally detects new device plugged in and uses Plug and Play technology to install If computer in office, technical support person likely completes installation If no technical support, try vendor who sold device If computer still under warranty, call technical/customer support at computer vendor Next option would be to call local computer repair service

84. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 84 Taking Care of the Computer Some general guidelines: −What kind of power source do you have? −Where is computer set up? −Is heat source or magnetic items near computer? −Are you eating or drinking around keyboard? −Was everything turned off before moving computer or connecting new device? −If device no longer works, always check that it’s connected. −If weather factor, always turn off computer. −Should you leave your computer on all day? −Have you shared your id and password with anyone? −Have technical person change something on computer. −What about error messages or activated items not requested?

85. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 85 Replacing or Upgrading Equipment Computers become obsolete after certain period of time with advancements in technology General rules to upgrade or buy new include: −Will Windows recognize new device on existing system? −How much will it cost to buy and install it? −How old is the computer? Buy new parts or more cost effective to buy new computer? −Will you be able to run certain software if you only upgrade existing system?

86. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 86 Disposing of Older or Non-Working Items When you can no longer use item for computer, try to dispose in environmentally- friendly manner Number of organizations recycle or dispose equipment in safe manner −Check telephone book under category of recycling or through Internet search Donate equipment to non-profit organization who may be able to use it

87. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 87 Lesson 9: Buying a Computer Hardware considerations Software considerations Price considerations Support or service considerations

88. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 88 Building Your Checklist Consider both hardware and software requirements −How fast does the system need to be? −How much RAM will the system need to have? −How big should the hard drive be? −Should it be a desktop model or notebook? −Is Internet access needed? −Would an internal or external modem be better? −What about a network/modem card? −What type of network connection do you have? −Do you need a network card and if so, what type? −Is the standard monitor size sufficient?

89. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 89 Building Your Checklist −What type of mouse? −What about the video card that comes with the computer? −What type of CD drive will be needed on this workstation? −Which operating system would be best for this user? −Can an off-the-shelf program accomplish what the user needs? −What about the pre-installed software on a new computer? −Do the software specifications match or exceed those of the computer? −Do you need to purchase any extra utility programs? −What about programs to address security or disaster and recovery? −Are all the computers in your location the same type?

90. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 90 How Much Will It Cost? Include some of the following considerations: −Will you need a more powerful machine later for programs? −Does the company plan to upgrade the network in the next twelve months? −What kind of budget was set to purchase hardware or software items in the current year? −What warranty or service/support options are included? −Are you purchasing locally or online? −What about return policies? −How do you plan to track the purchase or a history of service on this computer? −How long do you anticipate having this computer?

91. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 91 Lesson 10: Looking at Software Applications What software programs are How software programs are developed Understand what the operating system is Which software programs are designed for specific tasks

92. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 92 What is a Software Program? Only function when loaded into computer’s RAM memory Created using programming languages for commands to perform specific tasks −Can be in menu, toolbar button, shortcut keystroke, shortcut menu, or combination −Based on set of rules called algorithms created ◦ Guidelines for how data entered in program, and format for output Software program determines output Which program to use depends on output requirements Choose based on what you need to do, degree of detail and features, and what you can afford

93. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 93 What is a Software Program? Retail software programs use thorough process to ensure minimal amount of problems −Created or updated by programmers for new technology, request for new features, etc. −Once developed, copies of program sent to designated people to test beta −Testing occurs for specific amount of time and feedback −Programmers then revise and modify program based on feedback −Another beta copy and further beta testing repeated many times as needed −When beta period over, “gold” copy created and distributed to small number of customers −Final software version released to general public usually within month of gold copy being released

94. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 94 Upgrading Your Software Very unusual for software programs to be error free in first release of software Bugs (errors) generally are items software company can’t always predict based on how customer uses program Updates or upgrades not always problems with software −May occur due to changes in government rules or requirements, or external factors Registering copy of software provides notices whenever update or upgrade available −Can receive via postal mail, e-mail, or online system Need to update software depends on software and whether update warranted

95. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 95 Upgrading Your Software Drawbacks to updating software include: −Incompatibility or conflicts with other software −Incompatibility or conflicts with operating system −Problems with upgrade within software Most updates/patches on operating or network software should be done by very experienced people Most people tend to wait few weeks after release −Other users notify software vendor about problems −Known issues could lead to another release Very prudent to register software with software vendor to receive notices on updates

96. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 96 What about Upgrading to New Versions? New versions generally released on one or two year basis Before switching to new software: −Are features in this version crucial for daily tasks? −Can your current computer handle the new software? −How many people may be affected by the software change? −How much training will be involved to switch everyone to new version? Upgrade version less expensive but requires Full version of software to be available Full version generally double the cost of Upgrade version but contains all files for software program Large companies purchase licenses for each computer where program to be installed

97. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 97 Looking at Operating Systems Operating system or environment −Collection of programs to control computer’s interaction and communication with user Essentially performs two important functions: −Manages input devices, output devices, and storage devices −Manages files stored on the computer and recognizes file types Every computer requires operating system to function Examples of operating systems include: Except for Unix, all others use Graphical User Interface (GUI) −Displays items in picture form instead of text character based DOS Windows Apple OS Unix Linux

98. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 98 Looking at Operating Systems DOS Original operating system for PC Stands for Disk Operating System Rare to find computer still using DOS as operating system Only allowed for text character-based display Type commands to perform tasks −Based on one line commands −Hard to decipher with errors

99. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 99 Looking at Operating Systems Microsoft Windows Operating system for PCs Allows WYSIWYG screen display Each version provides better graphics display and better file and disk management capabilities

100. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 100 Looking at Operating Systems Windows XP −Advanced graphics display −Enhanced file and disk management tools

101. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 101 Looking at Operating Systems Windows Vista −More advanced graphics display −Enhanced file and disk management tools

102. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 102 Looking at Operating Systems Mac OS Designed for Apple computers Provides graphics interface One of original graphical user interface systems −Set standard for true WYSIWYG programs Latest version based on Unix technology

103. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 103 Looking at Operating Systems UNIX Created in early 1970s by programmers for programmers Designed with flexibility in mind Used more popular programming languages on most computers Main drawback −Based on one-line commands controlling functions versus GUI Very popular with universities and scientific or research organizations

104. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 104 Looking at Operating Systems Linux Based on Unix Provides more of graphical user interface Readily available and very popular with high-end servers and entrepreneurial software developers Handheld Operating Systems Designed to work with PDA Operating system depends on PDA type

105. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 105 Looking at Operating Systems Examples of limitations with older operating systems include: −File names limited to 8 characters maximum with 3 characters for file type −File names restricted in using certain characters −No true multi-tasking capability −Did not have good memory management capabilities −DOS and Unix text-based, using only one-line commands Aspects of operating systems where problems can arise include: −Software does not work with this operating system −Error messages indicate device does not work −Installation files for any hardware/software specific for that device or software −Error messages indicate file missing or corrupted −Error messages indicate no access to PC, drive, software program, or file/folder

106. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 106 Choosing an Application Program Software program that performs specific function: Word Processing Spreadsheets Presentations Database Management Graphics Multimedia Electronic Mail Web Browsers Utility Suite Accounting Customized

107. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 107 Choosing an Application Program Each software category has programs with industry-wide acceptance Many programs: −Provide advanced features but as flexible as dedicated type of program −Share same features −May have compatibility issues between software programs Program chosen should meet majority of requirements The more popular the program, the more often it is updated

108. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 108 Word Processing Most common application for most users Create, edit, and save documents, change position of text, insert new information, or remove words and sections no longer needed Many dedicated word processing programs include features to handle desktop publishing tasks Standard in offices where documents required Can also create Web pages as well as create and edit newsletters, forms, brochures, or flyers

109. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 109 Word Processing Word Owned by Microsoft Available for PC and Apple Included in Microsoft Office or can be purchased individually

110. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 110 Word Processing WordPerfect Owned by Corel Corporation PC version only Available with WordPerfect Office Standard, Education, Professional, or Family Pack Editions

111. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 111 Spreadsheets Financial tools to perform mathematical calculations and “what-if” analysis Tracks numbers or audit data for trends or patterns through worksheets or chart Recalculates formulas automatically based on data entry Can manage large amounts of data values via sort, find, filter, analysis tools Excel Owned by Microsoft Available for PC and Apple Included in Microsoft Office or can be purchased individually

112. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 112 Spreadsheets Lotus 1-2-3 Owned by IBM Corporation Available for PC Included in SmartSuite or purchased individually

113. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 113 Spreadsheets Quattro Pro Owned by Corel Corporation PC version only Available with WordPerfect Office Standard, Education, Professional, or Family Pack Editions

114. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 114 Presentations Create slides or handouts for presentations Special effects provided −Can create speaker notes and handouts for audience −Set up presentation for different delivery methods or as self- running slide show −Can add, edit and format text −Insert pictures, charts, or tables −Can standardize look and layout of slides using master slide or template

115. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 115 Presentations PowerPoint Owned by Microsoft Available for PC and Apple Included in Microsoft Office, or purchased individually

116. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 116 Presentations Owned by Corel Corporation Available for PC only Available with WordPerfect Office Standard, Education, or Professional Editions

117. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 117 Database Management Collection of related information Database Management Software (DMS) program −Assists in manipulating and organizing information Identified by structure: − Fields contain individual pieces of data −Collection of related fields make up record −All records in the database make up table −Queries generate reports or forms using any field in table Relational databases −Information from one database can be found or related to another database sharing same information Database can be as simple or complex as needed

118. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 118 Database Management Access Owned by Microsoft Available for PC and Apple Included with Professional Edition of Microsoft Office, or purchased individually

119. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 119 Database Management Paradox Owned by Corel Corporation Available for PC Part of WordPerfect Office Education or Professional Editions

120. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 120 Graphics Best to have some graphics design fundamentals Graphic design programs often grouped with multimedia software All graphic design programs have basic set of tools for drawing and painting Dedicated graphic design programs also have options to create and edit shapes, with many enhancement tools Generally used in advertising, media, or publishing companies End-user type of graphics design programs target specific tasks

121. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 121 Graphics CorelDRAW Owned by Corel Corporation Very popular graphics design program Available for PC and Apple Mainly used to manipulate drawings

122. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 122 Graphics Illustrator Owned by Adobe Corporation Available for PC and Apple Very powerful design tool for promotional items or Web

123. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 123 Graphics Visio Owned by Microsoft Corporation Diagramming graphics program to demonstrate ideas, systems, or design in a diagram

124. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 124 Graphics Photoshop Owned by Adobe Corporation Available for PC and Apple Very popular for manipulating or enhancing pictures

125. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 125 Graphics Dreamweaver Owned by Adobe Corporation Available for PC and Apple Web design program for creating graphics to be published on Internet or intranet

126. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 126 Multimedia Elements such as video, music, or animation added to documents published on Web site for Internet or intranet Music and video files use same format technology although music files at different level than video: −Video files saved as mpg/mpeg (Moving Picture Experts Group) or ani (animation) −Music files saved as mp3 or wav (Windows Audio Video) Multitude of programs for small business or home user

127. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 127 Multimedia Flash Owned by Adobe Corporation Available for PC and Apple Graphics design program with ability to create interactivity items for end user

128. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 128 Electronic Mail Many e-mail programs look and feel like a desktop/paper organizer Process of sending e-mail similar to manual process for addressing, writing, and then mailing letter Need to have: −e-mail program −correct e-mail address −connection to Internet or mail server Risen in popularity as more user friendly and can receive responses in relatively short time Two most popular e-mail programs included with Web browser programs

129. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 129 Electronic Mail Windows Mail Owned by Microsoft Included in Windows Available for PC Handles e-mail with link to Contacts

130. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 130 Electronic Mail Outlook Owned by Microsoft Part of Office suite of programs Includes calendar, task area, contact list, journal, and notes Popular e-mail program used in offices

131. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 131 Electronic Mail Eudora Owned by Qualcomm Available for download from Web site One of first e-mail programs available and still very popular Available for PC, Apple and Unix

132. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 132 Web Browsers Connect to Internet and view Web sites for different companies, organizations, or individuals Browsing on World Wide Web become much more popular More companies and individuals have set up Web sites Need to have Internet connection and Web browser before you can “surf the Net” Use Address or Location field to move from site to site

133. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 133 Web Browsers Internet Explorer Owned by Microsoft Comes with Windows, and latest versions can be downloaded from Microsoft’s Web site Available for PC and Apple

134. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 134 Web Browsers Opera Owned by Opera Software Available for PC, Apple, Unix, and Linux Updates can be obtained from their Web site

135. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 135 Utility Tools Programs that help maintain computer system Some popular types of utilities include: − Anti-Virus protects system from unwanted viruses ruining files or computer − Disk Compression cleans out older files, reorganizes files for easy retrieval, and frees space − Disk Cleanup eliminates temporary files created by computer or software programs − File Compression reduces size of file or several files Recommend tools be scheduled to maintain system on regular basis

136. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 136 Utility Tools Norton AntiVirus Owned by Symantec Available for PC and Apple Purchase for single user or network

137. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 137 Utility Tools AVG Internet Security Owned by AVG Technologies Available for PC and Apple machines Very popular for anti-virus software and Internet protection

138. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 138 Utility Tools Security in Vista Maintains integrity of system −Defragmentation −Clean disk −Backup −Internet settings

139. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 139 Utility Tools Norton Utilities Owned by Symantec Available for PC Very popular for diagnosing potential or existing problems on system WinZip Owned by WinZip Corporation File compression software program

140. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 140 Suites Group of programs packaged together for purchase −Microsoft Office −WordPerfect Office −Lotus SmartSuite −Microsoft Works Most cost effective than purchasing programs individually

141. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 141 Accounting Designed to handle accounting and finances Replace manual tasks performed by accounting staff −Automates many tasks online −Reports similar to manual forms Still need accounting fundamentals to fully understand how or when to use features −Software only automates tasks; doesn’t teach concepts

142. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 142 Accounting Simply Accounting Owned by Sage International Popular program for small to medium size businesses Available for PC and Mac

143. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 143 Accounting QuickBooks Owned by Intuit Available for PC Popular with small to medium size businesses Available in Canadian and U.S. versions

144. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 144 Specialized Any program that targets specific task or market GoldMine Owned by FrontRange Solutions Available for PC Contact management software to enter data about customers, orders, or automate processes to manage customer data

145. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 145 Specialized Money Owned by Microsoft Very popular for personal financial management Keep track of personal finances or help manage finances

146. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 146 Specialized Quicken Owned by Intuit Corporation Personal financial management program Helps users manage and organize personal finances

147. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 147 Customized Types of ProgramsExamples of Tasks Schoolsregistration, attendance, report cards Restaurantsprocessing food orders, bills, inventory/stock retail storespoint of sale, bar code readers financial institutionsdebit or credit card transactions, online banking shopping sites on Internetebay, Yahoo Manufacturingautomobile production, lumber specifications Transportationairline reservation which can be accessed from a travel agency, online, or at the airline counter scientific, medical, or engineering inspections, environmental changes, patient progress Written to perform specific tasks, with company needs as main focus

148. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 148 Lesson 11: Using the Computer Start a computer Reboot or reset a computer Start an application program Handle data files within an application program Exit an application program Shut down the computer correctly

149. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 149 Starting the Computer Locations of switches and buttons vary from computer to computer Many newer computers have power switch at front, top right, or in center of front panel Power switch for monitor is usually at front, lower right corner Not all computers have Reset button Power Button Reset Button

150. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 150 Starting the Computer 1.Turn on everything connected to the system unit first. 2.Turn on the system unit. 3.After several lines of information are displayed on the screen, the computer looks for the operating system by accessing Drive A first. 4.The disk drive light comes on, and then the operating system is loaded off the hard disk and into the computer’s RAM memory.

151. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 151 Understanding the Boot Routine Process to turn on computer and load operating system When turn on computer, performing cold boot Warm boot clears RAM and reloads new copy of operating system Boot Program or ROM BIOS −Conducts extensive check of computer’s main components including RAM and checks devices connected Final step of boot program is to load operating system files into RAM and control passes to operating system First screen is Windows splash screen, then Windows desktop

152. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 152 Understanding the Boot Routine

153. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 153 Working with an Application Program Every desktop has Start button and icons for certain programs or functions Use Start button and then All Programs menu to start application program Most application programs put icon on desktop to start program When start application program, Windows makes copy of that program and places in RAM When close application program, amount of RAM used by application also released RAM used by data files you create or use in application program −The larger the file, the more RAM is needed −Every file with uses portion of RAM available on system When no longer want to use application, close it to free up RAM

154. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 154 Resetting the Computer When computer stops working, called “hanging” Some methods to “unhang” computer include: If above methods don’t work, need to do warm reboot +Press and hold down key and tap key to put break code into computer. + Press and hold down key and tap key.

155. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 155 Performing a Warm Boot Resets computer by reloading new copy of operating system into RAM memory Be careful as warm boot wipes RAM memory clean before reloading operating system To warm boot computer: 1.Press and hold key. 2.Press and hold key simultaneously. 3.Press key. 4.Then release all keys immediately. Normally illustrated as + +

156. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 156 Performing a Cold Boot Most drastic solution for “crashed” computer is to turn power off Called cold boot because you actually turn power off and computer “cools down” When performing cold boot, wait about 30 seconds before turning computer back on −Can damage computer by turning power off and on very quickly −Use cold boot only as last resort

157. © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 157 Shutting Down the Computer Always shut down computer completely Always make sure any application programs are closed before activating shut down process To shut down computer correctly: 1.Click on Start button. 2.Click arrow at far right of Start menu. 3.Click Shut Down. 4.Wait for Windows to completely shut down and turn off computer before turning off anything else.