1. Unit 4: The Civil War and Reconstruction (1850-1877) The Union in Crisis and Civil War (1850 – 1865)

2. The Sectional Conflict Widens (1820-1860) #1. Sectionalism = N vs. S; How are they different? North had greater population Factory System vs. Plantations Free Immigrant labor in the North vs. Slavery in South N Railroads vs. S Waterways $1.5 B North vs. $155 M South GNP Balance of Power in Congress favored the North. Why?

3. #2. The Missouri Compromise In 1820 Missouri wanted to enter Union as a slave state. Problem = Balance of Power in Congress b/c representation is equal in the US Senate Henry Clay (KY) – proposed Maine enter as free state to balance out Missouri. 36°30’ N would be dividing line between slave and free.

4. Manifest Destiny and the Mexican-American War 1846 - 1848

5. #3. The Compromise of 1850 The Mexican War of 1846-1848 increased the size of the USA. Henry Clay (KY) proposed: 1.CA be admitted as a free state 2.NM and UT territories would vote on slavery 3.Slave trade abolished in Washington, D.C. 4.Fugitive Slave Law of 1850

6. #4. Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) Authored by abolitionist, Harriet Beecher Stowe Described the cruelties of slavery Sold 300,000 copies in 1 st year; only the Bible sold more copies during the era! Southerners were outraged!

7. Bleeding Kansas! (1854 – 1856) #5. Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) opened territories to slavery via popular sovereignty Free-soilers vs.Border Ruffians fought for control of territorial government in Kansas. Abolitionist John Brown kills 5 pro slavers in KS (55 dead in all) Violence spreads to the Senate floor as Senator Charles Sumner is caned!

8. #6. Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) Dred Scott, a Missouri slave, sued his master’s widow for his freedom in 1846. 1834-38 he lived in free state of Illinois & thought he should be free The Court said 5-4 (1) Scott was a slave and had no right to sue (2) Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional because Congress couldn’t legally ban slavery in any U.S. territory (due process/ property rights) Abolitionist Frederick Douglas predicted this would actually expedite slavery’s end? Chief Justice Roger B. Taney Dred Scott

9. #7. John Brown Returns! Oct. 1859 old John Brown comes out of hiding Harpers Ferry, VA- attacks a federal arsenal with the hope of starting a slave rebellion; federal troops retake it and capture Brown. Sentenced to death by hanging for treason & murder He became a martyr!

10. #8. The Election of 1860 leads to Secession 1854 – Republican Party formed to stop spread of slavery. Four candidates running for office Democratic Party split between N and S #9. Lincoln wins electoral vote with only 40% of popular vote but carries no Southern state!

11. Secession! #10. South Carolina leaves on Dec. 20, 1860. #11. Six others follow to CSA by 1861. Eventually 11 total in CSA.

12. Lincoln Takes Office #12. March 4, 1861 – Republican President Lincoln took a firm, but kind & conciliatory tone toward the South. He didn’t want to bother slavery where it was, but he did want to stop it from spreading into the Western territories. He pledged to preserve the Union - #1 Goal!

13. Southern War Strategy #13. After Confederate forces attacked & captured Fort Sumter (April 12, 1861) 4 more states joined the CSA. President Lincoln declared that war would be necessary to preserve the Union. The CSA Generals and President Davis planned a defensive war. #14. CSA hoped Europe would aid and had superior military leadership.

14. Northern War Strategy The Union developed a strategy called the Anaconda Plan. They hoped to: 1.Blockade all Southern Ports 2.Control the Mississippi River and divide the CSA in half 3.Capture and occupy the Confederate capital of Richmond, VA

15. Stalemate: From Bull Run to Antietam July 21, 1861 – “Stonewall” Jackson rallies CSA at Bull Run, VA #17. General U.S. Grant wins costly US victory at Shiloh, TN on April 6-7, 1861. By 1864 he proves he’s Lincoln’s best general & takes command of all Union forces. #15. CSA General R.E. Lee, America’s greatest general, achieved a draw at Antietam, MD Sept. 1862 after winning a string of impressive victories against the superior Union army. #16. At the end of 1862, a stalemate exists in the East!

16. The Emancipation Proclamation Issued Fall 1862 and effective Jan. 1, 1863 Freed all slaves in areas of the U.S. still under CSA control Although it was criticized by some, it meant the war would end slavery if Union indeed won. Lincoln changed his wartime strategy.

17. 1863: The Turning Point July 1-3, 1863 – Lee leads Army of N.VA North to PA and the greatest battle of the war begins. #18. 23,000 Union and 28,000 CSA casualties at Gettysburg, PA. Lee’s only major mistake of the war. Why did he do it? Lee would never invade Union again! July 4, 1863 – Grant takes Vicksburg on Mississippi River.

18. #19. Sherman’s March to the Sea and Total Warfare Sept. 2, 1864 – Gen. Sherman captures Atlanta, GA Marches to Savannah, GA and orders a 300 mile-long and 50 mile-wide swath of destruction designed to end the CSA’s will & ability to fight. Turns north through Carolinas in Dec. 1864 to meet Grant & end war Civilians and slaves suffer immensely; it was controversial.

19. The Election of 1864 Capture of Atlanta and “Bayonet Voters” aid Lincoln He was opposed by ex- General George McClellan – a peace candidate Lincoln and Andrew Johnson (VP and Democrat) won 212/233 electoral votes

20. #20. Lee Surrenders to Grant! April 9, 1865 Richmond, the CSA capital, was in ruins, Sherman wasted Georgia and the Carolinas, & Lee’s army was desperate & worn down. President Davis and officials fled from Grant & later captured Lee was humble and Grant was very generous at Appomattox, VA 640,047 Union and 483,026 CSA casualties of war; America’s bloodiest war in history.

21. Lincoln is Assassinated! John Wilkes Booth, an actor, plotted to kidnap Lincoln and others April 14, 1865 at Ford’s Theatre he shoots Lincoln Booth is later killed near Port Royal, VA Four of ten co- conspirators were hanged