1. The Early Stuarts & the Road to War

2. Religion in the 17 th Century Religion in the 17 th Century In the 17 th Century, most of England was Protestant though a few Roman Catholics remained in the country There were two main Protestant groups in England: the Church of England (Anglicans) and the Puritans

3. Church of England (Anglican) Official church in England. King was its head. Supported by taxes from the people Services were very elaborate and buildings were richly decorated

4. Puritans Large and powerful group of dissenting Protestants -Thought the Anglican Church was too much like Catholic Church. Believed churches and church services should be simple and plain Wore dark clothes and lived very sober lives. Believed that authority came from Bible (not the King).

8. Puritans in England Puritanism spread rapidly throughout England in the 16 th and 17 th centuries. Often faced persecution: o At times it was illegal for puritans to hold their own services and many were imprisoned or fined for their beliefs. Many immigrated to North America in search of religious freedom. Others entered parliament as a way to gain political power and promote their beliefs.

11. Witches

12. “Outing” a Witch -Torture was often used to extract confessions. -Types of torture used in England included bread-and-water diets, tethering of limbs and sleep deprivation -Condemned witches were ducked in water with their thumbs tied to their toes until they drowned. -Others were hanged, burned or pressed to death.

13. History of Parliament in England Since Anglo-Saxon times, England had a Parliament which was used by the King to “consult” with the people In 1215, King John signed the Magna Carta which forced him to grant rights to Parliament - King must rule lawfully - no new taxes without vote by Parliament - right to trial by jury of peers

15. Parliament in England By 1295, Parliament had taken shape: House of Lords House of Commons - nobles, bishops- wealthy landowners, & members of Anglican & townspeople Church (Ch.of Eng.) - elected to represent - appointed people ** BUT …most people did not have the right to vote or sit in Parliament

16. KingParliament House of Commons (Elected) House of Lords (appointed by king) Advisors (appointed by king)

17. The House of Lords Today

18. House of Commons Today

19. England Under the Tudors Accepted the democratic traditions of England. Kept Parliament on their side. Elizabeth I, the last Tudor, died in 1603

20. King James I -James VI of Scotland succeeded Elizabeth I when she died in 1603. -Became King James I of England -Disliked the democratic traditions of England and preferred to rule as an absolute monarch. -Introduced the Divine Right of Kings into England.

22. Divine Right of Kings o Theory that monarchs get their power from God, not the people of the country o Ordinary people have no right to question the king/queen’s decisions o Monarchs have unlimited power Absolute Monarchy Absolute Monarchy

23. King James I Cared little for English politics Ignored parliament (very unpopular) Fought with Parliament over: o Religion (persecuted Puritans) o Money (tried to raise taxes) o Foreign policy (made peace with Spain) Died 1625 – left country in debt

24. Charles I Became King in 1625 when King James I dies. Also believed in the Divine Right of Kings Constantly needed money o Extravagant lifestyle o Wars (Spain and France) Fought with Parliament o Politics (Arrested prisoners without trial) o Taxes (Ship Fees, Tunnage and Poundage) o Religion (wanted all subject to worship in style of Church of England)

25. 1628 Parliament wants king to sign the Petition of Right o Parliament must approve taxes o King Must stop Illegal Activities Charles refused and sent Parliament Home Uses his main advisors Lord Stafford & Archbishop Laud to bring country under royal control.

26. The Long Parliament 1637 – Charles loses a war Charles tried to force Scotland to worship in style of Church of England Most Scots were Presbyterians o Scots revolted, Invaded England Charles needed money to pay for soldiers to stop the revolt o Forced to recall Parliament o Eventually Gave into their demands Parliament would sit for 13 years.

27. Parliaments Demands Trial of Kings main advisors Parliament must be called once every three years Limit King’s powers – Grand Remonstrance Release Prisoners

28. Divided Parliament Parliament was divided between Radicals (wanted to take most of the King’s power) and the others who wanted guarantee that the King would follow the law. Magna Carta unclear about the amount of power that the King should have. “Royal Perogative” allowed him to act outside the law – no agreement about what this meant. King sees opportunity to regain control.

29. King marched Army into House of Commons to arrest 5 radical members (illegal) o Not a commoner o Violated parliamentary Privilege Radicals escaped o Parliament began to raise an army King began to raise an army. The Road to War