1. Sontag Argument Essay

2. Introduction Images have been essential to our understanding of history since the earliest civilizations used glyphs and paintings to record events in the absence of a written language. In the mid 1800s, photography supplanted painting as the easiest way to record history in images. Today, photography remains an important part of reinforcing knowledge that is written or spoken. However, we agree with Sontag’s claims that photography limits our understanding of the world by covering up negative truths, failing to reveal how contraptions works, and introducing bias into ethical and political knowledge.

3. Advantages of Photos Photographs continue to supplement other sources that inform humans about their current and past world. –Photo Finishes Undisputed manner to determine winners of races

4. Advantages of Photos cont. –Photos of space and other plants Scientific research Education –Historical Photographs Photos that accurately capture feelings An older technology

5. Misleading Imagery However, by providing misleading images, photography gives us a false sense of knowledge about the world. –Subway Subs Triple Meat –Photoshop Alters reality –Colors –Drum –Waiter

6. Misleading Imagery cont. –Simulated Advertising Exaggeration Unobtainable results – lies! Intentionally misleads in order to sell

7. Looks, not functions Furthermore, because photographs fail to show how something functions, we cannot use photographs to learn true knowledge about the pictured objects and machines. –History We can only see what existed, not its reason for existence –Education Photos act as supplements Left to assume function

8. Looks, not functions cont. –American flag Appearance, not knowledge –Number of stars and stripes – why? –Colors of stripes – why?

9. Bias in ethics and politics Finally, photographs can be used to easily manipulate people’s opinions about ethics and politics. –Iran election Fully supported? –Obama joker face Socialist?

10. Bias in ethics and politics cont. –Tiananmen Square – doctored photo Protest appears stronger Affects people’s memory of events

11. Conclusion We agree with Sontag’s argument that photographs can severely limit knowledge. While they do have benefits, photographs must almost always be combined with other sources of information to truly educate an audience. When viewed by themselves, photographs can be misleading in advertising, education, and politics. Today, with photograph doctoring programs, such as photoshop, available to the general public, people must always take a photo with a grain of salt.

12. Sites (in order of appearance) Photo finish: http://thebrewster.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/crossing-the-finish- linejpg.jpeghttp://thebrewster.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/crossing-the-finish- linejpg.jpeg Photo of planet: http://www.natureandscience.org/exhibits/images/space/space_clip_image002.jpg http://www.natureandscience.org/exhibits/images/space/space_clip_image002.jpg Depression lady: http://weblogs.cltv.com/news/local/chicago/the%20great%20depression%202.gif http://weblogs.cltv.com/news/local/chicago/the%20great%20depression%202.gif Advertising sub: http://eswpartners.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/subway-canada.jpghttp://eswpartners.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/subway-canada.jpg True sub: http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1373/536780921_60cbf6c97a.jpghttp://farm2.static.flickr.com/1373/536780921_60cbf6c97a.jpg Photoshopped lady: http://www.marketingvox.com/wp/wp- content/uploads/2009/09/photoshopped-jessica-alba1-before-and-after-2.jpghttp://www.marketingvox.com/wp/wp- content/uploads/2009/09/photoshopped-jessica-alba1-before-and-after-2.jpg Less wrinkles: http://images.teamsugar.com/files/upl0/1/13254/04_2008/wrinkles- 1.jpghttp://images.teamsugar.com/files/upl0/1/13254/04_2008/wrinkles- 1.jpg Wright plane: http://www.bottomline.ws/images/wright-brothers-airplane-001.jpghttp://www.bottomline.ws/images/wright-brothers-airplane-001.jpg Vandergraph generator: http://www.techsploration.com/affiliate%20pictures/VandegraphB.jpg http://www.techsploration.com/affiliate%20pictures/VandegraphB.jpg American flag: http://www.militarytrader.com/upload/images/American-Flag-Wall- Art.jpghttp://www.militarytrader.com/upload/images/American-Flag-Wall- Art.jpg Iran photos: http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1946595_2010928,00.html http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1946595_2010928,00.html Obama joker face: http://obamalies.net/images/obama_joker_face.jpghttp://obamalies.net/images/obama_joker_face.jpg Tiananmen square: http://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2007/11/071119213945.jpghttp://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2007/11/071119213945.jpg