2.  In this argument the one arguing states that something is true or better because it is old and/or traditional.  In other words, how true a statement is, is based on the longevity of the belief (or how long it has been around)  This idea is FALSE

3.  “Some traditions are worth keeping. Others must change because time, technology, and knowledge change.” (Public Speaking Today)  That is why you should not agree or disagree with a statement based on whether the idea has been practiced for a long time

4.  1. X is old or traditional  2. Therefore X is correct and/or better  Again, the emphasis must be placed on how wrong this idea is.

5.  The primary reason is because people feel more comfortable with ideas that have been around longer. They feel that it is the safer option.  Also, agreeing that the older idea is better than a newer idea is much easier than going through the process of testing out the new idea. In short, laziness

6.  “It has always been done this way”  It has “passed the test of time”  “traditional”  “old”  “Folklore”

7.  “This form of government is the best because we have had it for over 200 years and no one has talked about changing it, so it must be good” › We can see that monarchies benefited greatly from this concept  Romeo and Juliet- The Montagues and Capulets fought only because past generations fought, not because they themselves had any reasons for a feud.

8.  Marriage is one of humanity’s oldest institutions. Therefore, we shouldn’t tamper with it or do anything that might harm it. › Because people have been getting married since the beginning of time, it must be good for even today and/or is the right thing to do  “People have believed in the Bible for thousands of years. Therefore, the Bible must be true.” › Notice that this argument is used for many religions

9.  Make sure you realize that this does not apply to ideas or concepts that truly are dependent on time.  For example, the quality of wine or cheese are based on age (and those that are older are better)

10.  This idea involves circular reasoning (because the conclusion appears at both the beginning and end of the argument)  The warrant and the claim are the same thing  In other words, in the question or statement you assume that what you are arguing is true, is already true.

11.  1. A is true because B is true, and B is true because A is true  Everything is dependent on one another, but effective arguments are independent.

12.  If you are arguing that the equal right amendment is the right thing to do then you are assuming that the amendment is good in itself. › What needs to be done is you need to explain to the audience why the amendment is good before saying it is the right thing to do

13. Politics and Politicians use this form of argument a lot- sometimes on purpose and sometimes even without their knowledge because their own opinions cloud their ability to effectively argue claims.  Murder is morally wrong. Therefore, abortion is morally wrong. › Here the politician is assuming that abortion is considered murder, but that is what politicians and people are constantly debating. That is why the politician needs to explain to the audience why abortion should be considered murder before he states that it is morally wrong.

14. Politicians and the War on Terror:  “What I do know is that if a dirty bomb goes off on Wall Street and the winds are blowing this way, then I and much of this part of Brooklyn are possibly toast. Is that worth possible violations of the rights of some psycho-violent street thug ? To me it is.”  When government officials were debating on whether Abdullah al Muhajir was a threat to America, many of the officials made arguments based on the fact that he was a threat, which was exactly what the debate was about, so assumptions should not have been made.

15. 1. Why do people believe that traditional ideas are always right? a. People feel more comfortable with things and ideas they have already seen b. People are too lazy to try new ideas c. Because traditional ideas are always right d. A and B

16. 1. Why do people believe that traditional ideas are always right? a. People feel more comfortable with things and ideas they have already seen b. People are too lazy to try new ideas c. Because traditional ideas are always right d. A and B

17. 2. Begging the Question makes ______ claims a. Independent b. Dependent c. Circular d. B and C

18. 2. Begging the Question makes ______ claims a. Independent b. Dependent c. Circular d. B and C

19. 3. The institution of marriage has “stood the test of time” is an example of: a. Appeal to Tradition b. Begging the Question c. Appeal to Flattery d. None of the above

20. 3. The idea that the institution of marriage has “stood the test of time” is an example of: a. Appeal to Tradition b. Begging the Question c. Appeal to Flattery d. None of the above