1. = + Babbie’s Overview of Social Research Social Research Systematic
Observation
Understanding
Patterns = +
Rigorous
Measurement
Interpretation of
Observation
Data
Analysis
Experiment
Survey
Available
Data
Field
Research =
Logic of
Comparison
Statistics
Descriptive
Inferential

2. McCall’s view of Research (in Korey’s on-line text)
Variable  explanation  hypothesis  data  analysis

4. Manheim's Summary of the Research Process
“six distinct but highly interrelated stages” p4
Formulation
of Theory
Operationalization
Of Theory
Selection of
Techniques
Observation
of Behavior =
Analysis of Data
Interpretation of
Results

5. Manheim's Summary of the Research Process: Chapter 1
Formulation
of Theory
Selection of an Appropriate Research Question:
Chapters: 2-4
Operationalization
Of Theory
Redefinition of relatively abstract theoretical notions into concrete terms: Chapter 5
Selection of
Techniques
Criteria of appropriateness and feasibility:
Chapters 6-7
Observation
of Behavior
Quantitative and Qualitative Methods:
Chapters 8-13;19-21 =
Analysis of Data
Is there a relationship? If so, what of what type?
Chapters 14-18
Interpretation of
Results
Substantive importance of findings?
Do they fit with expectations? Chapters 22 & 23.

6. Manheim's Summary of the Research Process
Formulation
of Theory
Select Research Question
investigate differences, e.g.,
views on Afghanistan
views on the environment
views on Aboriginal rights
views on electoral reform
Differences signal variation  variables
Concepts
Variables
Hypotheses
Relationships
Causality
Operationalization
Of Theory
Selection of
Techniques
Observation
of Behavior =
Analysis of Data
Interpretation of
Results

8. Wheel of Science
Theory
Generalization
Hypotheses =
Observation

9. Wheel of Science Theory Conceptualization Generalization Hypotheses=
Observation

10. Wheel of Science Theory Conceptualization Generalization Hypotheses=
Operationalization
Observation

11. Wheel of Science Theory Conceptualization Generalization Hypotheses=
Operationalization
Association
Observation

12. Wheel of Science Theory Application Conceptualization Generalization
Hypotheses =
Operationalization
Association
Observation

13. Wheel of Science Theory Application Conceptualization Generalization
Hypotheses
Deduction =
Operationalization
Association
Observation

14. Wheel of Science Theory Application Conceptualization Generalization
Hypotheses
Induction
Deduction =
Operationalization
Association
Observation