1. What you need to know about...

2. Facts  There are nine judges on the court  The judges are called “justices”  The main justice is called the “Chief Justice”  Justices are appointed by the President and approved by the U.S. Senate  They serve for life

3. The Current Court

4. Elena Kagan (Obama appointee, 2010, 55 years old)

5. Sonia Sotomayor (Obama, 2009, 61)

6. Ruth Bader Ginsburg (Clinton, 1993, 82)

7. Stephen Breyer (Clinton, 1994, 77)

8. Chief Justice John Roberts (Bush 43, 2005, 60)

9. Antonin Scalia (Reagan, 1986, 79)

10. Clarence Thomas (Bush 41, 1991, 67)

11. Samuel Alito (Bush 43, 2006, 65)

12. Swing/moderate conservative Anthony Kennedy (Reagan, 1987, 79)

13. What Cases  They only hear cases that are brought to them by people who are unhappy with an earlier ruling (called “appeal”)  Of thousands of cases brought to them each year, they only hear about 50.  The cases always have something to do with the Constitution  The first name is always the person doing the suing (Plessy v. Ferguson)  In this case, Plessy is suing Ferguson

14. Oral Arguments  The day of the “trial,” lawyers on each side present their arguments to the 9 justices (called oral arguments)  They each have about 45 minutes to make their case  Then the justices ask them a bunch of very hard questions to try to poke holes in their arguments

15. Where oral arguments are heard

16. Conference/Ruling  After the oral arguments, the justices discuss the case  They vote who they think had the better argument. Majority rules  A unanimous decision would be 9- 0, but this is rare.  Usually the decision is more like 5-4

17. The Conference Room

18. Opinions  A justice is chosen to write the “opinion” of the court  If some justices disagree with the other justices they write a “dissenting opinion” (a protest)  If some justices agree with the majority, but for different reasons they write a “concurring opinion”

19. Timeline  Because these papers (the “opinions”) are sometimes 4o pages long and take months to write, decisions are usually announced several months after oral arguments  The term of the court goes from October to June