1. CLIMATE EFFECTS IAFNR Plant and Soil Sciences Module

2. TOLERATING CLIMATE  Plants vary in their ability to tolerate temperature differences and changes  Each plant has an optimum temperature for growth  Also have a low and high where growth ceases below or above  Common agricultural plants have been divided into two groups  Cool Season  Survive spring frosts and planted in early spring or fall  Includes: Wheat, Oats, Cabbage, Collards, Lettuce, Onions  Warm Season  Usually killed by frosts and need warmer temperatures to grow  Includes: Cotton, Corn, Beans, Tomatoes, Peppers, Watermelon What kinds of plants are tolerant to Indiana Weather?

3. OTHER WAYS OF TOLERATING CLIMATE  Hardening  Cool-season Vegetables can be made to adapt to lower temperatures by exposing young transplants to stress of slightly wilting or being grown at 10 degrees below normal  Plants become tougher and less likely to be killed by the environment  Dormancy  Some plants appear to be dead from ground up, but are actually dormant  Plants will emerge from underground parts in the spring  Seed Germination  Temperature determines seed germination, all seeds have an optimum germination  Thermoperiod  A daily temperature change  Plants respond by growing/ photosynthesize during the day and respire at night after temperature change

4. CLIMACTIC CLASSIFICATION  The United States is divided into Hardiness Zones for growing plants  Hardiness Zones determine kinds of plants that will grow in the area based upon average annual minimum temperatures  The USDA plant hardiness map (next slide)  Divides North America into 11 zones  Zone 1- the coldest  Zone 11- the warmest

5. What zones are found in Indiana?

6. TEMPERATURE STRESS High Temperature  Injury from lack of light or water  Drought  Indiana experienced a severe drought in the Summer of 2012 Low Temperature  Injury from Frost  Kills entire plant  Damages newest buds, flowers, or leaves Image retrieved from: http://www.cn n.com/2012/09 /15/us/drought -impact/ http://www.cn n.com/2012/09 /15/us/drought -impact/ Image retrieved from: http://gardengates.i nfo/basic- gardening-terms- and-definitions- hardy-and-tender- plants/ http://gardengates.i nfo/basic- gardening-terms- and-definitions- hardy-and-tender- plants/

7. CLIMATE CLUSTERS

8.  Five Climate Groups  Further divided into specific types of climates found all over the world  Tropical  Rain Forest  Monsoon  Savanna  Dry  Arid  Semiarid  Mild  Humid Subtropical  Marine  Mediterranean  Continental  Warm Summer  Cool Summer  Subarctic  Polar  Tundra  Ice Cap

9. Image retrieved from: https://www.imageper manenceinstitute.org/ resources/newsletter- archive/v19/preservati on-environment- summit

10. CLIMATE CLUSTERS Semiarid Steppe  Low precipitation  Enough rain to support grasslands also known as savannas.  This climate can occur when warm, moist air is blocked by mountains  Example: Denver, Colorado, next to the Rocky Mountains Midlatitude Desert  Very similar to Semiarid Steppe  True Desert Climate Image retrieved from: http://gec.cr.usgs.gov/archive/eolian/

11. CLIMATE CLUSTERS Humid Continental  Climate Type: Continental  Cold, Long Winters  Warm Summer  Wet summer seasons  Cool Summer  Cold winds  Accustomed to harsh weather Humid Subtropical  Climate Type: Mild  Found on eastern sides of continents  See Map  Hot and humid summers  Winter can be severely cold  Precipitation spread evenly through the year  Hurricanes and other violent storms are common in these regions.

12. CLIMATE CLUSTERS Marine West Coast  Climate Type: Mild  Longer, cooler winter than Mediterranean climate  Drizzle falls throughout most of the winter  Temperatures average about 41 degrees Fahrenheit Mediterranean  Climate Type: Mild  Warm summer, little rain  Short, mild, and rainy winter  Found on the west coasts of and along the shores of the Mediterranean Sea

13. REFERENCES  National Geographic. (2015). Climate. Retrieved from: http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/encyclopedia/climate/?ar_a= 1 http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/encyclopedia/climate/?ar_a= 1  Parker, R. (2010). Plant and Soil Science: Fundamentals and Applications. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar.  USDA Hardiness Zone image retrieved from: http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/ http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/