1. Unit 1: The First Civilizations and Empires
Prehistory-500 AD

2. Topics to Cover This Unit
1.1 Prehistory-Civilization 1.2 Early Civilizations 1.3 Early Empires

3. 1.1 Prehistory-Civilization

4. Prehistory
To study prehistoric humans, historians must rely on archaeology and anthropology.
Prehistory: time before writing was developed
Archaeology: study of the past from what humans have left behind (artifacts)
Anthropology: study of human life and culture (fossils and artifacts)
Various scientific methods can be used to date fossils including radiocarbon dating and stratigraphy.

5. Hominids (humanlike creatures that walked upright) are believed to have first lived in Africa approximately 4 million years ago.
These hominids adapted over time.
A fossil nicknamed “Lucy” was found by Donald Johanson in Ethiopia in 1974.
Scientists called this type of hominid Australopithecus (“southern ape”).

6. “People felt that there were a number of evolutionary changes, which all went together. That our ancestors stood up to free their hands so that they could make and use stone tools, they had to have large brains… Here comes Lucy, about 3.5 million year old…very small brain…and we have never found any stone tool, stone artifacts, associated with her species. Yet she is walking upright. So it appears that…walking on two legs, precedes by perhaps as much as a million and a half years, the manufacture of stone tools and the expansion of the brain.” Donald Johanson, 1991 interview

7. Early Humans
million years ago, Homo habilis (handy human) and used stone tools
1.8 million-100,000 years ago, Homo erectus was the first fully upright human being
Around 200,000 years ago, Homo sapiens (“wise human”) emerged.
Homo sapiens showed rapid brain growth
Mastered the use of fire
Two groups descended from this larger group

8. Discovered in the Neander Valley in Germany
Neanderthals
Homo sapiens sapiens
Discovered in the Neander Valley in Germany
Likely lived between 100,000-30,000 years ago
Made clothes from animal skins
Believed to be the first humans to bury their dead
“wise, wise human being”
Similar anatomy to modern human
Appeared in Africa between 150,000 and 200,000 years ago
“Out of Africa” theory states that they spread out of Africa about 100,000 years ago and replaced early hominid species in Europe and Asia.

9. Paleolithic Age
Time period from approximately 2,500,000 BC to 10,000 BC
Use of simple stone tools
“Paleolithic” is Greek for “Old Stone Age”

10. Life in the Paleolithic Age
Nomadic following food source (larger animals)
Hunter-gatherer lifestyle
Men believed to be hunters
Women believed to be the gatherers
Lived in small groups
Depending on location, they would adapt for weather, climate, etc.
Fire became important for warmth, hunting, cooking, and for protection.

11. Paleolithic cave paintings have been discovered that depict mostly animals and landscapes.
Historians believe these paintings may have held a religious purpose.
Lascaux Cave Painting

12. Neolithic Revolution (aka Agricultural Revolution)
A revolution is a major change.
Between 8,000 and 4,000 BC, people began using systematic agriculture (farming on a regular basis).
Shift from hunter-gatherer to farming and keeping of animals.
This shift led to many changes in the way humans lived.
Neolithic is Greek for “New Stone.”
Newer tools did develop, but the farming aspect had a larger impact.
Domestication of animals began
People began to settle down into communities and towns
IMPORTANT: This was not an overnight, sudden change. This was a gradual change that occurred in different parts of the world at different times between 8,000 and 5,000 BC.

13. Crops
By 8,000 BC people were growing wheat and barley and had domesticated pigs, cows, and sheep in Southwest Asia.
By 6,000 BC, wheat and barley were being grown in the Nile Valley in Egypt.
They began to spread into other areas of Africa shortly after.
Central Africa grew tubers and tree crops.
By 5,000 BC Southeast Asians were farming rice.
By 4,000 central Europe began to farm.
Mesoamericans (present-day Mexico and Central America) began to farm mainly beans, squash, and maize (corn) between 7000 and BC.

14. Farming Villages
With a food surplus, people began to settle into larger groups.
The oldest known settlement was in Southwest Asia (Jericho by 8,000 BC)
Catal Huyuk (in modern Turkey) is one of the largest known communities from this period and covers 32 acres.
It is believed that between 67,000 and 57,000 BC, this town had about 6,000 inhabitants.
Mud brick houses
Very few streets
Farming believed to have taken place outside of the city walls (hunting also took place based on paintings found at the ruins)
Religion is evident due to shrines containing religious figures

15. Catal Huyuk

16. Effects of the Neolithic Revolution
Settling down into towns/communities
Many communities saw a need for walls to protect from invasion or predators
Trade began in some areas between communities
Artisans (skilled workers) began to make items to trade with neighbors
Storing of surplus food
Gender roles changed as men sometimes traveled for hunting or left the city walls for farming
Women stayed home and became a more domestic role
What issues might arise in settled communities that would not arise for nomads?

17. The End of the Neolithic Age
Between 4,000 and 3,000 BC, some areas began to discover that metal-bearing rocks could be melted and molded into tools and weapons.
Copper was the first metal used to make tools.
Copper and tin was then combines to make bronze which was harder and more durable.
The Bronze Age (3,000 to 1,200 BC)
The Iron Age ( around 1,000 BC)

18. Civilization Emerges
When looking at societies of the past, we look at their culture (their way of life).
After settlement into towns, culture became much more complex leading to civilization.
Civilization: complex culture in which large numbers of human beings share common elements.

19. Basic Elements of Civilization
Advanced cities
Divisions of labor
Complex institutions (government, religion, economy)
Record-keeping (writing)
Advanced technology

20. 1.2 Early Civilizations

21. Early River Civilizations

22. Mesopotamia
Location: Fertile Crescent, primarily present-day Iraq, Asia
Rivers: Tigris and Euphrates (Tigris-Euphrates)

23. Mesopotamia
The Ancient Greeks referred to this civilization as Mesopotamia, meaning the land “between the two river.”
Very little rainfall
Instead, the soil became fertile due to silt deposits and the overflow of the river.
Flooding of the rivers was very unpredictable.
They learned to control the waters through irrigation and drainage.
Civilizations of Mesopotamia include many groups, the first being the Sumerians.

24. Religion
Mesopotamians believed that supernatural forces ruled the world.
Religion was a source for answers as to why things occurred in their world.
They practiced a polytheistic religion meaning they believed in many gods/goddesses.
Humans were supposed to obey their gods due to inferiority to the gods.
Religious buildings called ziggurats were in the center of their cities. Atop of the ziggurats were temples dedicated to gods.
Surplus food or materials were often stored in these temples.

25. Government and Cities
The Sumerians developed independent cities in Southern Mesopotamia by 3,000 BC.
As these cities expanded, they gained control over larger territories of land and formed city-states.
Sumerian cities were surrounded by walls for protections.
City homes were mad of sun-dried brick.
People living inside the city would develop a common identity and work together for survival.
Priests and priestesses held large amounts of power.
Theocracy: type of government in which people believe the ruler(s) has divine authority (right to rule from the gods)
Kings held great power leading armies, supervising public works, organizing irrigation and farming.

26. Economy and Society
The city-states based their economy on farming, but trade and industry became important as well.
Woolen textiles, pottery, and metalwork became specialties
The invention of the wheel around 3000 BC led to carts making trading of their goods (primarily metals) to other areas easier.
Traded primarily with the Mediterranean and India.
Three classes developed:
Nobles: included priestly officials and their families
Commoners: worked for rulers, farmers (90%), merchants, fishers, and artisans
Slaves belonged to palace officials and were used primarily for building projects

27. Writing and Language Cuneiform (wedge-shaped symbols)
To record information, they a reed and clay tablets. These tablets baked in the sun to make their message permanent.
The Epic of Gilgamesh, an epic poem, tells the story of a king in search of immortality.

28. Sumerian Inventions Wheel Sundial (time keeping)
First to make bronze tools
Achievements in math and astronomy

29. Code of Hammurabi
Many empires developed within Mesopotamia throughout its existence.
Hammurabi, created a new Mesopotamian kingdom (Babylon) by combining city-states.
Hammurabi created one of the earliest law codes known to man.
It outlined relationships between people within the kingdom and explained punishments.
The laws were made public in the center of town so that people would be aware of expectations.
The society became patriarchal (led by men) and women had fewer rights in marriage.
Many of the punishments can be seen as harsh.

30. Ancient Egypt
Location: Egypt, Africa
River: Nile

31. The Nile River
The Nile River flows from central Africa northward dumping into the Mediterranean Sea.
Before it meets the sea, it splits into three major branches creating a delta.
Yearly floods along the Nile left a deposit of mud that created a rich soil (“Black Land”).
Trade along the Nile helped unify the area.
Natural barriers (deserts, seas) also helped protect Egyptians from invasion.

32. Religion
Along with predictable flooding, religion provided a sense of security.
For Egyptians, religion was represented in world order.
Polytheistic, their gods represented heavenly bodies and natural forces.
Sun gods (Sun was called Re and viewed as giver of life. Rulers were considered the Son of Re and therefore held great power.)
Land gods (including the Nile itself)
Pyramids and mummification were important aspects of Egyptian religion. (see page 44 in blue text)

33. Government
Ancient Egyptians believed their rulers were given power from the gods.
The pharaoh (like a king/queen, monarch) therefore held absolute power.
These pharaohs were mummified after death because Egyptians believe they continued to rule in the afterlife.

34. Egyptian Society Pharaoh (god-king) Nobles and priests
Middle Class (merchants, artisans, scribes, tax collectors)
Workers of the land (majority were peasants who farmed and served as military)

35. Daily life in ancient egypt
Young marriages (12 and 14) were arranged by parents
Main reason for marriage was to produce children
Monogamy (marriage to one) was typical, but men were allowed additional wives if their first was childless.
Divorce was possible and compensation was given to the wife if it occurred
Patriarchal society, but women held much respect (and could become the pharaoh)
Women kept their own property even after marriage

36. Writing and education
Hieroglyphics: Greek translation meaning “priest-carvings” or “sacred writings”; this type of writing uses pictures and abstract shapes
The original hieroglyphic writing was for writing on temple walls and in tombs; it is extremely complex
Hieratic script uses the same principles, but is simplified using dashes, strokes, and curves. This was used more for business, record keeping, and for daily use.
Not all Egyptians could write!
Scribes, masters of writing, were also teachers and were highly respected. (Only men of the upper class could become a scribe.)

37. Hieroglyphic Text

38. Art and science Pyramids, temples, and monuments (religious as well)
Math became extremely important for building projects (geometry)
Used a 365-day calendar
Embalming of bodies led to increased knowledge of anatomy (mummies)

39. Ancient India
Location: India, Asia
Rivers: Indus, Ganges

40. Geography The Himalayas in the north provide a natural barrier.
South of the Himalayas is the Ganges River.
The Indus River lies to the west.
The Indus River is considered the cradle of Ancient Indian civilization.
The Deccan Plateau, south of the rivers, extends to the tip on India and is hilly and dry.
India experiences a monsoon (seasonal wind pattern) that heavily impacts climate and rainfall.

41. The Indus Valley
Between 3000 BC and 1500 BC, the Indus supported a great civilization.
More than 2000 settlements have been discovered in the area from this time.
Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, only about 400 miles apart, are two of the most successful settlements.
Each city was home to somewhere around and were carefully planned.
Walled neighborhoods
Most buildings made of mud brick
Public wells
Plumbing
Trash chutes

43. Not a lot of information is available about the earliest people of the Indus Valley, because we cannot understand their writing.
Sanskrit-first written language of the Aryans
It was adopted by the Indians after migration of the nomadic Aryans settled into India.

44. The Caste System
Rigid social classes that determined a person’s occupation, economic potential, and social status-based partly on skin color

45. Life of the Untouchable was difficult. They were not considered human
Life of the Untouchable was difficult. They were not considered human. They lived in ghettos and to tap sticks together so others would know they were coming.

46. *Male dominated society:
-oldest male had legal authority over the entire family
-arranged marriages
-suttee required a wife to throw herself on her dead husband’s funeral pyre (fire) and die herself

47. Hinduism Based on the Vedas-the oldest Hindu sacred text
Believed in an ultimate reality (God) called Brahman
Individual self, or atman, had the duty to come to know this ultimate reality

48. Reincarnation
*The idea that after death the individual soul is reborn in a different form.
Karma-the idea that people’s actions determine their form of rebirth and the class into which they are reborn
dharma-divine law rules karma, requires people to do their duty in one’s caste
provides a religious basis for the caste system, gave hope to the lower classes

49. Buddhism
Founder-Siddhartha Gautama, known as Buddha (“Enlightened One”)
Gave up his rich life to find the meaning of life and the cure for human suffering.

50. The pain, poverty, and sorrow that afflict human beings are caused by their attachment to things of this world.
Achieving wisdom is a key step to achieving nirvana, or ultimate reality-the end of the self and a reunion with the Great World Soul.

51. Four Noble Truths
Ordinary life is full of suffering.
This suffering is caused by our desire to satisfy ourselves.
The way to end suffering is to end desire for selfish goals and to see others as extensions of ourselves.
The way to end desire is to follow the Middle Path.

52. Ancient China Location: China, Asia
River: Huang He (Yellow) River, and the Chang Jiang River

53. Geography of China
Mountains and deserts served as barriers that separated Chinese people from other Asian people.
Flooding was dangerous/

54. Shang Dynasty Came to power around 1500 BC First written records
Built buildings of woods
Focus on the importance of groups and cooperation
Family was considered the most important part of society and religion
Chinese believed that family members who died could still influence those living (ancestor worship)

55. Zhou Dynasty Came to power around 1027 BC
Adopted much of Shang culture, but began a new idea of divine rule.
Divine rule: rulers are chosen by god(s)
Issues within the Zhou rule led to losses of power to nobles. These nobles fought each other leading to what is referred to as the “time of warring states.”

56. Chinese Philosophies
Confucius (born 551 BC) believed that peace could return to China.
Confucianism:
Concerned with human behavior-proper way to behave was in accordance with the Dao
Dao: “the proper way”
View of the Dao-Duty and humanity

57. Duty
Five Constant Relationships-parent and child, husband and wife, older and younger siblings, older and younger friends, and ruler and subjects
All people had to subordinate their own interests to the broader needs of the family and the community.
“Work Ethic”-If each individual worked hard to fulfill his or her duties, then the affairs of society as a whole would prosper as well.

58. Humanity
a sense of compassion and empathy for others
“Do not do unto others what you would not wish done to yourself”
“Measure the feelings of others by one’s own”
“Within the four seas all men are brothers”

59. Daoism: inaction rather than action
The best way to act in harmony with the universal order is to act spontaneously and let nature take its course by not interfering with it.

60. Legalism: “School of Law”
proposed that human beings were evil by nature
believed a strong ruler is required to create an orderly society

61. Qin Dynasty 221 BC, the Qin Dynasty began under ruler Shih Huangdi.
Doubled the size of China
Burned many books throughout his empire that he disagreed with
Unification of the empire
Construction of roads which caused an increase in trade
Set standards for writing, law, money, and weights & measurement
Construction of the Great Wall
After Shih Huangdi’s death, his son served only three years before being defeated by the Han Dyansty.

62. Great Wall of China
created to protect against nomadic invaders from the north
linked existing walls together
present wall was ordered 1,500 years after the first Qin Emperor

65. Han Dynasty Came to power in 202 BC and ruled for 400 years
Liu Bang (first emperor of the Han Dynasty) lowered taxes, decreased punishments for crimes, and life became easier for the Chinese.
Empress Lu
Wudi ( BC) expanded China to its modern size.
Civil service exams (rule of merit) tested the ability of applicants before they could receive government posts.

66. Inventions of the Han Dynasty
Paper
Two-bladed plow
Silk (in high demand in India and portions of Europe led to the development of the Silk Road)
Silk Road: trading network from China into parts of Western Asia and parts of Europe; trade of luxury items only due to the dangers of the route; cities were developed along its route in several different empires
*The methods to making paper and silk were kept very secret!

67. The Silk Road

68. 1.3 Early Empires
Greece and Rome

69. Empire (Defined) from Merriam-Webb
a major political unit having a territory of great extent or a number of territories or peoples under a single sovereign authority; especially : one having an emperor as chief of state
the territory of such a political unit
something resembling a political empire; especially an extensive territory or enterprise under single domination or control

70. Ancient Greece

71. Geography
Greece is the southeastern-most region on the European continent.
It is defined by a series of mountains, surrounded on all sides except the north by water, and endowed with countless large and small islands.
Surrounding seas and the many deep bays and natural harbors along the coastlines allowed the Greeks to prosper in maritime commerce and to develop a culture which drew inspiration from many sources, both foreign and domestic.

72. MOUNTAIN RANGES crisscross the peninsula making internal communications difficult and leading to the development of independent city-states.
Numerous ISLANDS and the indented coastlines of the Greek peninsula and of Asia Minor stimulated trade.
The ROCKY SOIL and limited natural resources encouraged the Greeks to establish colonies abroad.

73. GREEK HISTORY: AN OVERVIEW
Greek CIVILIZATION started around 2000 B.C.
By 1600 B.C., the Greek people had built fortified cities in the major valleys and many people were educated.
Several wars, including the Trojan War around 1200 B.C. threw them into what is known as the Dark Age.
During the DARK AGES, knowledge of writing was lost and most people lived in isolated villages.
This period ended in about 800 B.C when the Greeks started to write again with an alphabet based on that of the Phoenicians.

75. Many city-states emerged and struggled with each other for power for hundreds of years after that. In 480 B.C., the Greeks UNITED to defeat the invading Persians, but the alliance didn’t last long.
Around 477 B.C., two city-states, ATHENS AND SPARTA, became the dominant powers in that region and constantly fought each other for power.
Greece had its GOLDEN AGE in Athens around B.C.

76. In 334 B.C., ALEXANDER THE GREAT, leader of the country of Macedonia to the north, conquered the Greeks and started what is called the HELLENISTIC AGE.
Greece unwillingly remained under Macedonian control until the Romans conquered both Macedonia and Greece around 140 B.C.
The ROMANS then spread the knowledge of the ancient Greek philosophers throughout their empire.
The Roman Empire lasted as a unified empire until 395 A.D. when it was split into the eastern and western empires.
Greece became part of the eastern or BYZANTINE EMPIRE and Greek literature became the basis for learning in Byzantine institutions.

77. Was Alexander the Great a Hero or Villain
Was Alexander the Great a Hero or Villain? Write a persuasive paragraph (minimum of 5 sentences) in which you identify him as a hero or villain. You must use historical information and or quotes from reading (book or online excerpt) as historical evidence.

78. Government
The POLIS (city-state) consisted of a city and its surrounding plains and valleys.
The center of the polis was the elevated, fortified site called the ACROPOLIS where people could take refuge from attack.
With the revival of commerce, a TRADING CENTER developed below the acropolis.

79. Four major TYPES OF GOVERNMENT evolved in ancient Greece:
Monarchy (rule of a king) limited by an aristocratic council and a popular assembly.
Oligarchy (rule of the few) arising when the aristocratic council ousted the king and abolished the assembly.
Tyranny (rule by one who ruled without legal authority) riding to power on the discontent of the lower classes.
Democracy (rule of the people), the outstanding political achievement of the Greeks.

80. During the GOLDEN AGE of Greece (461-429 B. C
During the GOLDEN AGE of Greece ( B.C.), the great statesman PERICLES guided Athenian policy.
Power resided in a board of TEN ELECTED GENERALS.
To ensure that the POOR COULD PARTICIPATE IN GOVERNMENT, Athens paid jurors (a panel of 6,000 citizens chosen annually by lot) and members of the Council.
WOMEN, SLAVES, and RESIDENT ALIENS were DENIED CITIZENSHIP.
These groups had no standing in the law courts. (If a woman sought the protection of the law, she had to ask a citizen to plead for her in court.)
*Note: Pericles did NOT begin democracy in Greece. He expanded suffrage to more male citizens.

81. Sparta to 500 B.C.
The city-state of Sparta expanded by conquering and enslaving its neighbors. To guard against revolts by the state slaves (helots), who worked the land, Sparta transformed itself into a militaristic TOTALITARIAN STATE.

82. Every Spartan was first of all a solider.
Sickly infants were left to die on lonely mountaintops.
Boys were taken from their families at age 7 to live under rigorous military discipline.
Girls were trained to be the mothers of warrior sons.

83. To many Greeks, ATHENS WAS A TYRANT CITY and an enslaver of Greek liberties.
In 431 B.C., the PELOPONNESIAN WAR broke out between the Spartan League and the Athenian empire.
COMMERCIAL RIVALRY between Athens and Sparta's ally Corinth was an important factor.
Real cause: SPARTAN FEAR of Athens' growth of power.
STRENGTHS:
Sparta's army had the ability to besiege Athens and lay waste to its fields.
Athens' unrivaled navy could import foodstuffs and harass its enemies' costs. WEAKNESSES:
In 2nd year of war, a plague killed a third of the Athenian population, including Pericles.
Weak leadership of the Athenian government.

84. The Peloponnesian War (431-404 B. C
The Peloponnesian War ( B.C.) Nearly all of Greece was polarized between two alliances.

85. In 404 B.C. Athens lost power after its last fleet was destroyed by a Spartan fleet.
The once great city of Athens was stripped of its possessions and demilitarized.

86. Evolution of Gov’t in Ancient Greece
Using the PDF on the website (4FormsofGovernment), create a flow chart showing the evolution of governments. In each box (one for each government), you will need to outline characteristics of the type of government AND why this change was needed. BE DETAILED!

87. The Parthenon Today

88. The Acropolis of Athens
Erechtheion
Erechtheum
King’s Shrine
Theater of Dionysius
Pinakotheke
Parthenon
Stoa of Eumenes
Odeum of Herodes Atticus (Roman)
Sanctuary of Asclepius

89. Religion
The Greeks were POLYTHEISTIC and did not all worship the same gods.
Some small villages worshiped the main gods and their own village gods.
There were hundreds of Greek gods.  Some of the most famous gods were Zeus, Hera, Apollo, Artemis, Poseidon, Aphrodite, Athena, Demeter, Hermes, Ares, and Hades.
ZEUS surpassed all other gods in spirit, wisdom and justice and his wife HERA was the queen of the gods.

90. According to tradition the first OLYMPICS took place in 776 BC
According to tradition the first OLYMPICS took place in 776 BC. They became a central aspect of Greek culture and in many ways were the most important factor uniting the Greeks, except for their language and mythology.

91. Ancient Rome

92. Geography
Rome is located on the Italian Peninsula which juts into the Mediterranean Sea-east-west travel and trade
About 18 miles inland on the Tiber River-easy access to the sea but far enough in to protect from pirates
Built on seven hills-easy to defend
Located on a north-south traffic route

93. Peoples of Italy
Indo-Europeans move into Italy (Latins, Greeks, and Etruscans)
Etruscans have the most influence on Rome’s development-turn Rome from a village to a city, mode of dress, and organization of the army

94. The Roman Republic Livy-Roman Historian, wrote of the three virtues
Republic-the leader is not a king and certain citizens have the right to vote
Rome gains control of most of Italy through a series of wars
Gave citizenship to some conquered people-allowed them to control local affairs in return for soldiers and citizenship
Believed success was due to three virtues: duty, courage, and discipline
Livy-Roman Historian, wrote of the three virtues

95. Why was Rome so Successful?
The Romans were good diplomats
They were skilled, persistent soldiers and brilliant strategists
In law and justice, the Romans were practical

96. The Roman Senate Select group of patricians who served for life
Began as an advisory group, by the third century, had the force of law

97. Twelve Tables Rome’s first code of law. Some laws are practical
Some punishments too harsh
Other laws, are just plain silly by today’s standards

98. The Punic Wars
The Romans faced a strong power in the Mediterranean, Carthage.
Carthage was founded by the Phoenicians.
The Carthaginians occupied Sicily, an island close to the Italian coast.
The two powers will begin a long struggle for dominance in the Mediterranean.

99. Master of the Mediterranean
Rome will destroy Carthage in the Third Punic War. With the conquest of Macedonia and Greece, the Romans will become master of the Mediterranean.

100. Origins of Christianity
Had its roots in Judaism
Was lead by Jesus of Nazareth who was proclaimed the Messiah
Messiah: savior

101. Beliefs of Christianity
Monotheism: belief in one God
Jesus is both the Son and incarnation (human form) of God
Life after death
Holy Book: Bible

102. Persecution
Early Christians were persecuted by the Romans for refusing to worship the Roman Gods
Martyr: Someone who dies for their beliefs

103. Emperor Constantine Adopted and legalized Christianity
Later Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire

104. Impact of the Church in the Late Roman Empire
As the Roman Empire declined in the West, the church in Rome grew in importance, membership, and influence.
The church became an example of moral authority

105. Decline of the Roman Empire
Moral decay
Army discipline
Division of empire
Political problems
Invasions
Economic problems
MAD PIE

106. Moral Decay
Conditions in the later centuries made Romans lose their patriotism.
The people lost faith in Rome and the family

107. Army Membership
To defend against increasing threats, Rome hired mercenaries (foreign soldiers who fought for money).
Military started to include invaders
Discipline and loyalty collapsed.
During the 2nd and 3rd Centuries A.D., mass migrations from Eurasia put constant pressure on the European frontier. In Mesopotamia, the Parthians and Sassinids attacked the frontiers; and in 260 A.D., the Sassinids defeated a Roman army at Edessa. The Roman Emperor Valerian was killed and up to 25,000 Romans were captured and sold as slaves. By 350 A.D., the Roman army was closer in appearance to their enemies and former enemies than to the Imperial Roman troops of Trajan. Much of this change was due to the fact that the legions were made up of men recruited in the provinces rather than Rome and Italy.

108. Rome was divided into Eastern and Western portions
Division of the Empire
Rome was divided into Eastern and Western portions
Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium (He also ended persecution of Christians)

109. Political Problems
Civil conflict: politician- generals fought each other for power
Weak leadership: Emperors were unable to handle problems faced by the empire. They were often brutal and incompetent. Many were murdered.
During his reign several attempts were made on Commodus' life.[[34]] After a few botched efforts, an orchestrated plot was carried out early in December 192, apparently including his mistress Marcia. On 31 December an athlete named Narcissus strangled him in his bath,[[35]] and the emperor's memory was cursed

110. Invasions
From 376 to 476 Germanic and Mongol invaders poured into the Western portion of the Roman Empire.

111. Economic Problems
The high cost of defending its borders caused the Empire to raise taxes and mint coins with less silver.
With Roman money worth less (devaluation), prices rose (inflation).
Small farmers abandoned their lands causing food shortages.

112. Barbarian Invaders Barbarians: Non-Romans
Germanic tribes repeatedly attacked along the northern borders.

113. Western Empire Falls
The Western Roman Empire ceased to exist in 476 AD when Germanic invaders overthrew the last Roman Emperor.

114. Byzantine Empire
The Eastern Roman Empire survived and later became known as the Byzantine Empire

115. Roman Achievements
Roads that connected Rome to all parts of the Empire
Arches were used as memorials in addition to supporting buildings, bridges, and aqueducts
Aqueducts were designed to bring water from the mountains to the cities.

116. The Forum Means open space or marketplace
The political and economic heart of Rome.
The Forum (a Latin word meaning open space or market place) was the administrative and corporate heart of Rome. Generally this word referred to the open space in any Roman town where business, judicial, civic, or religious activities were conducted. A typical forum might be surrounded by temples, shops, and basilicas (large, covered structures used for various meetings).
In Rome, there were several forums. The most famous, the Roman Forum, was designed by the architect Vitruvius who felt the proportions needed to be 3:2 (length to width). For centuries, the Roman Forum was the site of the city's most important public buildings including the Arch of Septimius Severus, built in 203 B.C. and the Rostra or public speaking platforms. The reliefs on the triple arch represented many of Rome's victories over oriental tribes and the Rostra was decorated with prows of warships captured during battles. The Roman Forum became the spectacular showcase of the Empire filled with beautiful statues and architecture.
Eventually, the Roman Forum proved too small for Rome's ever growing public activities. Consequently, the first Imperial Forum was built in 54 B.C. by Caesar. Most subsequent emperors built their own forums including Nerva, Vespasian, and Trajan, who built the largest which covered an area of 25 acres.

117. Roman Colosseum Stadium which held 50,000
Mock battles, gladiator contests, and other bloody spectacles were seen here
Other forms of enjoyment in Roman society involved death and destruction. The main attraction for many Romans was the "games" in the Colosseum, a huge outdoor theater. Gladiators were slaves or former soldiers who fought in the Colosseum and in other arenas, against other people or against animals. These "games" were often fatal to the participants.
In the end, the civilization of ancient Rome is known for several things:
the hugeness of the Empire;
the success of the well-trained armies;
the massive, impressive structures and construction, such as roads, aqueducts, baths, the Forum, and temples;
the struggle with and then embracement of Christianity;
the spreading of Roman writing, laws, trade practices and ideals and, especially, of Greek ideals to the rest of the known world;
the terrible tragedies of slavery and conquest on which the civilization was ultimately based;
the dramatic way in which the Empire collapsed, serving as an example for generations afterward. 

118. Public Health Piped water for drinking and bathing
Sewage systems to remove human waste
Medical Schools
Claudius Galen
Born in Turkey
Claudius was a famous Roman doctor.
He cut up animals to find out what was inside. This helped him to find out about human organs.
He was the first doctor to take a patient's pulse.
back...
The Romans adopted many Greek philosophies but made their own advancements in public health. They developed sewers to remove human waste from the cities and towns and built systems to provide clean water not only to drink, but for public baths. The baths provided a place to wash, exercise and socialize. Sophisticated hospitals were also built in ancient Rome. They were developed to take care of sick and injured soldiers, which was important to the Roman Empire because it relied on it’s army to conquer new territory.
Romans enjoyed going to the baths. The baths were cheap to enter, so both rich and poor

120. UNIT 1 REVIEW QUESTIONS

121. Which development most enabled early peoples to form permanent settlements?
Advances in agricultural production
The creation of democratic government
Spread of monotheism
Advances in written language

122. Advances in agricultural production (farming) enabled early people to form permanent settlements.
Before farming was utilized, people were nomadic meaning they moved. These people moved following their food sources.
After the development of agriculture, these people no longer needed to travel following large animal. (They still hunted, but had a more stable food supply through the farming of grain products.)
After settling, other developments toward civilization occurred including (but not limited to):
Development of towns and cities
Development of law codes/rules of expectation
Development of written language (to track food supply and other government issues)
Divisions of labor

123. How did the implementation of laws such as the Code of Hammurabi affect people of ancient societies?
It unified the various peoples and laws within the empire.
It reduced the authority of the king over citizens.
It limited the role of government in the lives of citizens.
It established the separation of government and religion.

124. Hammurabi’s Code unified the various people and laws within the Babylonian Empire.
The Babylonian Empire was large and spread over a vast area.
Hammurabi’s Code became the universal law for all people within the empire.
The laws were published in the market area within each city so that citizens would be aware of the laws and punishments.
Remember, Hammurabi’s Code is known for laws such as “an eye for an eye” or “a tooth for a tooth”, but punishments were different based on the social class of the offender.

125. Hammurabi’s Code of ancient Mesopotamian society was important because it
Listed the laws and the corresponding punishments
Explained how government officials were chosen
Established a single currency for use across the empire
Described how to perform formal religious ceremonies

126. Hammurabi’s Code was important because it outlined laws and corresponding punishments.
Recall, the laws were posted in market areas in each city within the empire so that people would be aware of the laws and corresponding punishments.

127. Cuneiform and hieroglyphics were important achievements in the development of
Written language
Religious beliefs
Agricultural production
Representative government

128. Cuneiform and hieroglyphics were important achievements toward the development of written language.
Cuneiform: “wedge-shaped” system of writing developed by the Sumerians using a reed stylus to create impressions on clay tablets
Hieroglyphics: “priest-carvings” or “sacred writings”; system of writing using pictures and more abstract forms used by the Ancient Egyptians

129. Which geographic features determined the location of the early civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, and India?
Oceans and coastlines
Rivers and valleys
Fertile soils and plains
Rainy seasons and forests

130. The earliest civilizations were located along rivers and valleys.
We discussed four early river civilizations in this unit:
Egypt in the Nile River Valley
Mesopotamia in the Fertile Crescent (Tigris and Euphrates Rivers)
Ancient China along the Yellow (Huang He) River
Ancient India in the Indus River Valley

131. How did geographic features influence the diffusion and settlement of both the Phoenician and Greek traders?
Both had access to the Mediterranean Sea
The monsoon winds made ocean travel easier
The arid climate encouraged migration
Russia’s rivers provided ease of travel

132. Geography influenced the diffusion and settlement of the Phoenician and Greek traders due to their access to the Mediterranean Sea.

133. Greece’s mountainous terrain and its series of small islands influenced the ancient Greeks to develop
A political system based on independent city-states
A culture that was uniform throughout its vast empire
An economic system based on mining precious metals
A society completely isolated from other civilizations

134. Greece’s mountains and islands influenced the ancient Greeks to develop a political system based on independent city-states.
City-state: sate with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside
City-states had various ways of lives making them hard to unite.
Recall the differences between Athens and Sparta.
Athens: arts, education, teaching and training to create good citizens
Sparta: all life surrounded warfare and creating good warriors
Different city-states within Greece had different government types as well.

135. How did Pericles influence the functioning of Athenian government?
He introduced representative democracy.
He expanded direct democracy to new classes of free men.
He increased the salaries of government officials.
He greatly strengthened the authority of military leaders in society.

136. Pericles influenced democracy in Greece by expanding direct democracy to new classes of free men.
Cleisthenes created the foundations for Athenian democracy in 508 BC when he created a council of 500 male citizens to be the final authority on the passing of laws.
Pericles ruled from 461 BC-429 BC (Age of Pericles).
During this time, every adult male citizen was allowed to vote creating an idea of direct democracy.
Even poor male citizens were able to participate in politics by paying officeholders.

137. How was the Silk Road associated with the development of cities?
Increased trade along this route helped to establish cities within major empires.
The development of many cities created a need for better roads.
The Silk Road was built as an alternative to trade between large cities by the sea.
European governments promoted free trade between major cities.

138. Increased trade along the Silk Road led to the development of cities within major empires.
The Silk Road (named due to China’s valuable silk) passed through various empires across Eurasia.
Silk Road arose between 200 BC and 100 AD covering a distance of about 4,000 miles.
Only luxury goods were traded along the Silk Road because travel was difficult and dangerous.

139. A form of government in which the leader is not a monarch and certain citizens have the right to vote is called a/an
Dictatorship
Monarchy
Empire
republic

140. A republic is a type of government in which the leader is not a monarch and certain citizens have the right to vote.
Dictatorship: form of government in which a person (or small group) has absolute control
Monarchy: government by a sovereign ruler such as a king or queen (mono means one)
Empire: large political unit or state that controls many peoples or territories (Note: An empire is NOT a government type.)
Republic: a form of government in which the leader is not a king and certain citizens have the right to vote (Note: “to the republic, for which it stands” in our Pledge of Allegiance)