1. Lecture 3 Medicinal plants and MPM which contain vitamins

2. Planner Vitamins definition. Classification of vitamins.
Identification and quantity determination of vitamins content.
Medicinal plants and raw material containing vitamins

3. A vitamin is an organic compound required as a nutrient in tiny amounts by an organism
Vitamins are distributed widely and are normally ingested as constituents of various food substances.
Standardized, partially purified concentrates and isolated vitamins can be obtained for commercial purpose from a variety of animal, microbial, and plant sources, however, chemical synthesis is more feasible for many of the vitamins
The consumption by the general public of vitamin preparations is enormous and this is one of the larger areas of the pharmaceutical industry.

4. Classification
Letter classification ― the letters of the Latin alphabet were used to designate vitamins as they were discovered. A, B, C, D
According to their physiological action.
According to the physical properties:
Soluble in fats (A, D, E, K, F)
Soluble in water (vitamins of the B complex, folic acid, ascorbic acid

5. 4. Chemical classification
1) Aliphatic vitamins: Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
Ascorbic acid
Dihydroascorbic acid
Vitamin F (lipoic acid: linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic acids ),
B5 (pantothenic acid), B15 (pangamic acid)
2) Alicyclic
Vitamins A (retinol) and
D (D3 - cholecalciferol,
D2 ergocalciferol)
Cholecalciferol

6. 3) Aromatic vitamins Vitamin K ( phytomenadione – K2, phylloquinone – K1)
4) Heterocyclic vitamins
Vitamins E (tocopherol), B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavine), B6 (pyridoxine), PP (nicotinamide), nicotinic acid, B12 (cyanocobalamine), Folic acid (folacin, vitamin Bc, vitamin M, factor V), H (biotin), Ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10).

7. Vitamin A – retinol and carotenoids
Vitamin B1- thiamine
Vitamin B2- riboflavin
Vitamin B3- niacin, niacinamide
Vitamin B5- pantothenic acid
Vitamin B6- pyridoxine
Vitamin B7- biotin
Vitamin B9- folic acid
Vitamin B12- cyanocobalamin
Vitamin B15 - pangamic acid
Vitamin C- ascorbic acid
Vitamin D2- ergocalciferol
Vitamin D3- cholecalciferol
Vitamin E- tocoferol
Vitamin K- phylloquinone K1

8. RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCES FOR 70 KG MALE, AGE 25-50•
Carbohydrate
364 g •
Fat
80 g •
Protein
56 g •
Essential Fatty Acids
3-6 g •
Calcium, Phosphorus
800 mg •
Choline
500 mg •
Ascorbic acid
60 mg •
Niacin
19 mg •
Iron,
Vitamin E
10 mg •
Pyridoxine
2 mg •
Riboflavin
1.7 mg •
Thiamine
1.5 mg •
Vitamin A
1 mg •
Folic acid
400 µg •
Vitamin K
80 µg •
Vitamin D
15 µg •
Vitamin B12
3 µg

9. VITAMIN A
Function: Retinol is a precursor for retinal that is used in the visual cycle and for retinoic acid that is required for maintenance of epithelial cells. In the visual cycle, opsin binds the 11-cis isomer of retinal. Light causes the conversion to the all-trans isomer which is only weakly bound to opsin.
Effect of Deficiency: Night blindness and keratinization of epithelial cells.
- Oral manifestations: Hyperplasia of the gingiva, gingivitis, periodontitis
Sources: Vegetables, fish liver oil. Note beta-carotene is a precursor of retinol
RDA: 1000 retinol equivalents (corresponds to 1000 µg retinol or 6000 µg beta-carotene). Excess vitamin A is toxic.

10. Converted to all-trans
retinal by
photoisomerization

11. Beta carotene is a precursor for the formation of retinal, a
form of vitamin A
Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 28 September :12 PM)
© 2005 Elsevier

12. β-carotene Vitamin A - Retinol
Provitamins are chemically similar to a vitamins. During metabolism or photosynthesis, these substances transforms into vitamins.
β-carotene
Vitamin A - Retinol

13. VITAMIN D
Function: Regulation of calcium levels through actions on intestine, kidney and bone. Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) requires conversion to 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 to form the active compound.
Effect of Deficiency: Rickets, osteomalacia
- Oral manifestations: Deficiency associated with incomplete mineralization of teeth. Excess associated with pulp calcification
Sources: UV irradiation of 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin, fish liver oils and supplemented milk
RDA: 600 international units (15 µg cholecalciferol) - IOM recommendation and not more than 4000 IUs

16. cholecalciferol is the active metabolite of Vitamin D
1,25-dihydroxy
cholecalciferol is the
active metabolite of
Vitamin D
Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 28 September :12 PM)
© 2005 Elsevier

17. VITAMIN E
Function: Vitamin E (Tocopherol)is a lipid-soluble antioxidant and helps to prevent lipid damage.
Effect of Deficiency: In humans, deficiency is associated with lysis of erythrocytes.
Sources: Vegetables and wheat germ oil
RDA: 15 international unit. Larger amounts ( units) have been suggested but are probably not advisable.

19. Vitamin E is a lipid-soluble antioxidant
Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 28 September :12 PM)
© 2005 Elsevier

20. VITAMIN K
Function: Vitamin K is a coenzyme for the carboxylation of glutamic acid side chains of some blood clotting factors (prothrombin, factors VII, IX and X).
Effect of Deficiency: A deficiency of vitamin K is rare but can be associated with prolonged blood clotting times.
- Oral manifestation: gingival bleeding
Sources: Vitamin K is produced by intestinal bacteria.
RDA: No RDA has been established but µg may be appropriate.

22. for the gamma carboxylation of glutamate residues
Vitamin K is required
for the gamma carboxylation
of glutamate residues
Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 28 September :12 PM)
© 2005 Elsevier

23. VITAMIN C (ASCORBIC AID)
Function: Ascorbic acid is a water soluble antioxidant and it promotes the hydroxylation of proline residues of collagen. Ascorbic acid is also required in the synthesis of carnitine, dopamine and bile acids.
Effect of Deficiency: Scurvy (hemorrhage, impaired wound healing and bone formation).
- Oral manifestations: Bleeding gums, loose teeth
Sources: Fruits and vegetables
RDA: 60 mg/day

25. Vitamin C is an antioxidant
Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 28 September :12 PM)
© 2005 Elsevier

26. THIAMINE (B1)
Function: Thiamine is converted to thiamine pyrophosphate which is a cofactor for oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-keto acids and for transketolase.
Effect of Deficiency: Beri-beri and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Polyneuritis, cardiac pathology, edema
- Oral manifestations: Satinlike appearance of tongue and gingiva (atrophy of filliform papillae), angular cheilosis
Sources: Beans, nuts, fruits, etc.
RDA: 1.5 mg/day

28. RIBOFLAVIN (B2)
Function: Riboflavin is a precursor for the coenzymes, FMN and FAD.
Effect of Deficiency: atrophy of filliform papillae, angular cheilosis
Sources: Milk, liver, green vegetables
RDA: 1.7 mg/day

30. Riboflavin is a precursor for the coenzymes FMN and FAD
Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 28 September :12 PM)
© 2005 Elsevier

31. NIACIN (NICOTINIC ACID, PP)
Function: As nicotinic acid or nicotinamide it is a precursor for the coenzymes NAD and NADP.
Effect of Deficiency: Pellagra (dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia and if severe, death)
- Oral manifestations: Angular cheilosis, glossitis, ulcerative glossitis
Sources: Legumes, meat
RDA: 19 mg/day

33. Niacin and nicotinamide are the chief precursors
for the synthesis of NAD
and NADP
Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 28 September :12 PM)
© 2005 Elsevier

34. PYRIDOXINE (VITAMIN B6)
Function: Pyridoxine (pyridoxol) is a precursor of pyridoxal phosphate which is a coenzyme for enzymes catalyzing transamination, deamination,decarboxylation and for glycogen phosphorylase.
Effect of Deficiency: Dermatitis, convulsions, microcytic anemia
Sources: Liver, fish, nuts, whole grain cereals
RDA: 2 mg/day

36. Different forms of vitamin B6 are precursors for the synthesis of
pyridoxal phosphate
Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 28 September :12 PM)
© 2005 Elsevier

37. Pyridoxal phosphate is used in transamination reactions
Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 28 September :12 PM)
© 2005 Elsevier

38. BIOTIN (H)
Function: Biotin acts as a coenzyme in carboxylation reactions in covalent linkage to lysine side chains of enzymes.
Effect of Deficiency: Dermatitis, anorexia, nausea, muscle pain
Sources: Intestinal microorganisms, liver, vegetables
RDA: An RDA has not been established. Note avidin in raw eggs has tight binding for biotin and in high amounts can cause a biotin deficiency.

40. PANTOTHENIC ACID
Function: Pantothenic acid is a precursor of pantotheine. This structure forms part of coenzyme A.
Effect of Deficiency: A deficiency is practically unknown. There may be nausea and fatigue.
Sources: Pantothenic acid is widely distributed and is synthesized by some intestinal bacteria
RDA: An RDA has not been established mg/ day might be used.

42. Pantothenic acid is a precursor for the synthesis of coenzyme A
Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 28 September :12 PM)
© 2005 Elsevier

43. FOLIC ACID
Function: Folic acid is a precursor for tetrahydrofolate that is used as a carrier of one carbon units at different levels of oxidation.
Effect of Deficiency: Megaloblastic anemia, GI disturbances
Sources: Intestinal bacteria, liver, yeast and green vegetables
RDA: 400 µg/day. Before food supplementation, folic acid deficiency was the most common vitamin deficiency in the United States

44. Folic Acid

46. Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 28 September 2011 12:12 PM)
© 2005 Elsevier

47. VITAMIN B12 (COBALAMIN)
Chemical Nature: Vitamin B12 is a complex multiple ring structure which includes a cobalt atom.
Function: Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) derived cofactors are used for two important reactions:
I. methylmalonyl CoA isomerase requires 5-deoxyadenosyl cobalamin
II. Homocysteine: tetrahydrofolate methyl transferase requires methyl cobalamin and N5-methyltetrahydrofolate
Vitamin B12 is absorbed from the ileum as a complex with intrinsic factor which is produced by the gastric mucosa.
Effect of Deficiency: Pernicious anemia and degeneration of spinal cord neurons
- Oral manifestations: Angular cheilosis, hemorrhagic gingiva, halitosis, detachment of periodontal fibers
Sources: Meat and milk
RDA: 3 µg/day

49. Intrinsic factor is required for the absorption of vitamin B12
Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 28 September :12 PM)
© 2005 Elsevier

50. a “folate trap” if there is a B12 deficiency
Note the potential for
a “folate trap” if there
is a B12 deficiency
Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 28 September :12 PM)
© 2005 Elsevier

51. Calendulae flores
Calendula flower (Eu ph)
Marigold florets
Calendula officinalis- Pot Marigold or Scotch Marigold
Asteraceae
BAS: Carotenoids (up to 0.03%), ascorbic acid, ether oils.
Marigold is used for the treatment of skin disorders and pain, also as bactericide, antiseptic and anti-inflammatory agent.
Medicines:Infusion, tincture, ointment “Calendula”. “Caleflon” (purified extract) has anti-inflamatory action, and used for treatment of mouth ulcers. “Carofilen” – has anti-inflammatory action

52. Hippophaes fructus –
Sea-buckthorn fruits
Hippophae rhamnoides L.
Sea-buckthorn
Eleagnaceae
BAS: fatty oil (appr. 8 %); fatty oil is rich in carotene (to 250 mg%), vit. E, F and K. The fruit contains glucides, including oses and osides, lipids consisted in fatty acids: linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic, stearic acid, organic acid (vit. C in high quantity), sulphur derivatives (betaine and choline).
Medicines: The juice of sea buckthorn has a cholesterol fighting effect,. Sea buckthorn has anti-asthenic and anti-inflammatory properties. It’s also an intestinal astrigent. In medicine fatty oil is used in gynecology, for treating ulcer and X-ray injury of the skin.

53. Sorbi fructus
Sorbus aucuparia- Rowan or Mountain ash
Rosaceae
BAS: Carotinoids, vitamins C, P, B, E. Organic acids: malic, tartaric, citric. Mono- and dissacharides, alcohol sorbitol, tritherpene acids. Catechins, phenolcarbonate acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins are also available.
Syrup, vitamin mixes, decoctions.
Used as polyvitamin medicine. Also has choleretic, tonic action. Rowan increases appetite and normalises the activity of gastrointestinal system. In folk medicine, the fruits of mountain ash are used for treatment of scarve, popular as diuretic.

54. Urtica dioica- stinging nettle or common nettle Urticaceae
Urticae folia
Nettle leaf (Eu. ph)
Urtica dioica- stinging nettle or common nettle
Urticaceae
BAS: Vitamin K, B, carotinoids, ascorbic acid and pantothenic acid, organic acids, chlorophyll, flavonoids, tannins and iron salts.
Application. Extracts can be used to treat arthritis, anemia, hay fever, kidney problems and pain. Fresh nettle is used in all folk remedies to stop different types of bleeding, due to its high vitamin K content. Meanwhile, in dry Urtica dioica vitamin K is practically non-existent, and so it used as a blood thinner.
Medicines: Sliced nettle leaves in a package of 100g, infusion, liquid and thick extract, vitamin and gastrointestinal mixes. The thick extract is part of the “Allochol” which has choleretic action. “Traskov mixture”- antiasthmatic mixture, contains the infusion of nettle.

55. Zeae maydis styli cum stigmatis
Zea mays- corn, maize
Poaceae (Graminaceae)
BAS: carotenoids, vitamin K, C, B1, B2, B3, D, E, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, fatty oils, ether oils, microelements Maize is used for preparation of infusions, decoctions, liquid extract .
They are used as cholagogic agents in treatment of cholecystitis, cholangitis, hepatitis with delayed bile excretion; sometimes as a diuretic and haemostatic.
Medicines: extract, cholegogic and diuretic tea, “POLYPHYTOL-1”

56. Capsella Bursa Pastoris- shepherd’s purse Brassicaceae( Crucifereae)
Bursa Pastoris herbae
Capsella Bursa Pastoris- shepherd’s purse
Brassicaceae( Crucifereae)
BAS: vitamins K1, C, cumarines, flavonoids, aminoacids, tannins, micro- and microelements
Applications. Tincture and liquid extract are used in gynaecological practice for stopping bleeding after childbirth, also to enhance the uterine contractions during childbirth. In addition, medicines of shepherd’s purse reduce blood pressure and narrow the peripheral vessels.
Medicines. Galenic medicines

57. R. cinnamomea or R. majalis ― Cinnamon rose R. rugosa Rosaceae
Rosae fructus (Eu, ph)
Rosa canina- Dog rose
R. cinnamomea or R. majalis ― Cinnamon rose
R. rugosa
Rosaceae
BAS: It contains a high quantity of vit. C also vitamins(B, K, P, E), carotinoids, saccharins, pectins, organic acids and microelements.
Fruits are used for production of syrups, vitamin mixes, tea and jam. They are used for treatment of hypo- or avitaminoses. Fruits have cholagogic action.
Carolitin- produced from fruits,
Rose oil- from dry seeds.
Cholosas- has cholagogig, diuretic, anti-inflammatory action. It also has vitamin activity, increases stamina.
Arphazetin- hypoglycemic action
Lipochromin- for treatment of radiation sickness
Carolin
Canefron
R. cinnamomea or R. majalis ― Cinnamon rose

58. Rosa canina- Dog rose
ROSA RUGOSA

59. Glucoribin–anti-allergy medicine, Ryflan– treatment of haemorrhoids
Ribis nigri fructus
Ribes nigrum
Blackcurrant
Grossulariaceae
BAS: The fruit has extraordinary
high vitamin C content (302% of the Daily Value per 100g), good levels of potassium, phosphorus, iron and V. B5.
Other phytochemicals in the fruit ( polyphenols, anthocyanins) have been demonstrated in laboratory experiments with potential to inhibit inflammation mechanisms suspected to be at the origin of heart diseases, cancer, microbial infections or neurobiological disorders like Alcheimer’s disease. Blackcurrant seed oil is also rich in many nutrients, especially gamma-linolenic acid and essential fatty acids.
Glucoribin–anti-allergy medicine,
Ryflan– treatment of haemorrhoids

60. Thanks for attention