1. Society: the basics CHAPTER Eleventh Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Education, Health, and Medicine 14 This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: - Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; - Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; - Any rental, lease or lending of the program.

2. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Education, Health, and Medicine How are schooling and health linked to social inequality in the United States? What changes in schooling and health have taken place in the United States in recent generations? Why do people in poor nations have little access to schooling and medical care?

3. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Education: A Global Survey Education –The social institution through which society provides its members with important knowledge, including basic facts, job skills, and cultural norms and values Schooling –Formal instruction under the direction of specially trained teachers

4. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Schooling and Economic Development The extent of schooling in any society is tied to its level of economic development Low-income countries have little schooling One-sixth of the world’s people cannot read or write Global comparisons made between –India –Japan –United States

5. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Image Bank

6. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Image Bank

7. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis The Functions of Schooling According to the structural-functional analysis, what are the functions of schooling? –Socialization –Cultural innovation –Social integration –Social placement –Latent functions

8. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis The Functions of Schooling CRITICAL REVIEW –Overlooks how the classroom behavior of teachers and students can vary from one setting to another –Says little about many problems of the educational system and how schooling helps reproduce the class structure in each generation

9. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Schooling and Social Interaction “In school, as in life, you will only do as well as you think you can.” How true do you think this statement is? Explain. The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy –People who expect others to act in certain ways often encourage that very behavior

10. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Schooling and Social Interaction How can the labels that schools place on some students affect the students’ actual performance and the reactions of others? Jane Elliott –“Blue Eyes-Brown Eyes” Experiment

11. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Schooling and Social Interaction CRITICAL REVIEW –People do not just make up beliefs about superiority and inferiority –These beliefs are built into a society’s system of social inequality

12. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Schooling and Social Inequality Do you think all children in the community in which you grew up received equal schooling? Social-conflict challenges the structural- functional idea that schooling develops everyone’s talents and abilities

13. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Schooling and Social Inequality In what ways does schooling cause and perpetuate social inequality? –Social control –Standardized testing –Tracking What changes would our society have to make to eliminate schooling inequality?

14. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Public and Private Schools Parochial “of the parish” –Catholic schools Protestant private schools –Christian academies

15. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Public and Private Schools Why do you think students in private schools outperform those in public schools? –Smaller classes, demanding coursework, greater discipline Public schools –Difference in funding between rich and poor communities result in unequal resources

16. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Public and Private Schools Schools in more affluent areas offer better schooling than poor communities Are there specific things parents can do to improve their children’s learning? How did your parents affect your learning? Social capital: Families who value schooling –Read to their children –Encourage the development of imagination

17. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Public and Private Schools Home environment is an important influence on school performance Differences in home and local neighborhood matter most in children’s learning

18. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Image Bank

19. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Access to Higher Education 69% of U.S. high school graduates enroll in college immediately after graduation Economic differences is reason for education gap between minorities and whites Completing college brings rewards –Higher earnings

20. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Image Bank

21. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis

22. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Greater Opportunity: Expanding Higher Education U.S. world leader in providing college education to its people Education is the key path to better jobs –Government makes money available to help certain categories of people pay for college

23. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Greater Opportunity: Expanding Higher Education What special benefits do community colleges offer? –Low cost provides access to millions –Special importance to minorities –Attracts students from all over the world –Priority of faculty is teaching, not research

24. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Privilege and Personal Merit Can you explain how schooling transforms social privilege into personal merit? Credentialed society –Society that evaluates people based on schooling Process helps those who are already advantaged and hurts those who are already disadvantaged

25. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Privilege and Personal Merit CRITICAL REVIEW –Social-conflict overlooks the extent to which schooling provides upward mobility to the talented from all backgrounds and challenges social inequality on many fronts

26. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis

27. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Problems in the Schools What do you believe are the greatest problems facing schools today? Discipline and violence –Schools do not create violence –Spills in from surrounding society Student passivity –Media claim more of young people’s time than schooling

28. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Problems in the Schools In what ways does bureaucracy undermine education? –Rigid uniformity –Numerical ratings –Rigid expectations –Specialization –Little individual responsibility

29. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Problems in the Schools Why do you believe that passivity is common among college and university students? How many of your classes encourage active student discussion? How many of your classes in high school encouraged active student discussion? Do you enjoy classroom discussions?

30. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Problems in the Schools What strategies would you suggest to instructors to bring students to life in classrooms? –Calling on students by name when they volunteer –Positively reinforcing student participation –Asking analytical rather than factual questions and giving students time to answer –Asking for student’s opinions even when no one volunteers an answer

31. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Problems in the Schools Dropping out –Quitting before earning even a high school diploma –Leaves young people unprepared for work and at high-risk of poverty Least common among whites More likely among African Americans and Hispanics

32. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Problems in the Schools What are the causes for students dropping out before earning a diploma? –Trouble with the English language –Must work to support family

33. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Problems in the Schools Academic standards –Functional illiteracy  A lack of the reading and writing skills needed for everyday living Nation at risk U.S. spends more on schooling than almost any other country –U.S. placed 29th in science and 35th in math

34. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Problems in the Schools U.S. students spend only about 13 percent of their waking hours in school. Do you think they should spend more time in school? Do you think there should be year round schooling? Explain. Cultural values play a part in how hard students work at their schooling

35. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Recent Issues in U.S. Education Do you support school choice? Why or why not? –Creates a market for education so parents and students can shop for best value Magnet schools –Offers special facilities and programs to promote educational excellence

36. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Recent Issues in U.S. Education Charter schools –Public schools that have more freedom to try new policies and programs Schooling for profit –School systems operated by private, profit- making companies rather than government

37. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Recent Issues in U.S. Education Home Schooling –Why do you believe home schooling is gaining in popularity across the U.S.? –Parents do not believe public education is doing a good job –Students who learn at home outperform those who learn in school

38. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Recent Issues in U.S. Education Schooling people with disabilities –Resulted from persistent efforts by parents and other concerned citizens –Mainstreaming  Including students with disabilities in the education program  Inclusive education

39. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Recent Issues in U.S. Education Adult education –Why do adults return to the classroom? –Many return to advance a career or train for a new job

40. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Recent Issues in U.S. Education The teacher shortage –Have you considered a career in teaching? What factors do you believe have led to a teacher shortage? –Factors  Low salaries  Frustration  Retirement  Rising enrollment and reductions in class size

41. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Recent Issues in U.S. Education Looking ahead, what factors will shape schools in the future? How do you believe that schooling will be different fifty years from now?

42. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Health and Medicine Medicine –The social institution that focuses on fighting disease and improving health Health –A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being

43. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Health and society How does society affect people’s health? –Cultural patterns define health –Cultural standards of health change over time –A society’s technology affects people’s health –Social inequality affects people’s health

44. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Health: A Global Survey Health in low-income countries –Poverty cuts decades off of life expectancy –Poor sanitation and malnutrition Health in high-income countries –Industrialization raised living standards –Better nutrition –Safer housing –Medical advances in science to control infectious disease

45. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Health in the United States Social epidemiology –The study of how health and disease are distributed throughout a society’s population

46. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Health in the United States Age and gender –Death now rare among young people –AIDS changing this trend –Have you ever thought about gender as a health issue? What aspects of masculinity are harmful to health? How can sociology play a part in changing men’s health for the better?

47. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Health in the United States Social Class and Race –How does social class and race affect health? –Infant mortality twice as high for the disadvantaged

48. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Image Bank

49. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Image Bank

50. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Recent Issues in U.S. Education Cigarette Smoking –Do you support statewide smoking bans in all public buildings? Would you support a national policy? –Tops list of preventable health hazards in U.S. –Why do you believe that so many people smoke even though they know the dangers? –Many smoke to cope with stress

51. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Recent Issues in U.S. Education Cigarette Smoking (continued) –Some 443,000 die prematurely yearly  Exceeds alcohol, cocaine, heroin, homicide, suicide, auto accidents, and AIDS  Increased marketing abroad where there is less regulation of tobacco –Ten years after quitting, ex-smoker’s health is as good as someone who never smoked

52. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Recent Issues in U.S. Education Eating Disorders –An intense type of dieting or other unhealthy method of weight control driven by the desire to be very thin –Anorexia nervosa  Dieting to the point of starvation –Bulimia  Binge eating followed by induced vomiting to avoid weight gain

53. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Recent Issues in U.S. Education Eating Disorders (continued) –Obesity  Half of all overweight people in the U.S. are clinically obese  Limit physical activity and raise risk of serious diseases  Live in a society in which most people have sedentary jobs

54. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis

55. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Sexually Transmitted Diseases Venereal disease –Gonorrhea and syphilis  Cured easily with antibiotics –Genital herpes  Affects 24 million adolescents adults in U.S.; is incurable

56. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Sexually Transmitted Diseases Venereal disease (continued) –AIDS  Most serious of all sexually transmitted diseases  Incurable and almost always fatal  Risk behaviors are anal sex, sharing needles, use of any drug including alcohol  Education most effective weapon

57. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Image Bank

58. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Ethical Issues Surrounding Death Defined as an irreversible state involving no response to stimulation, no movement or breathing, no reflexes, and no indication of brain activity Do you believe people have a “right to die”? Under what circumstances?

59. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Ethical Issues Surrounding Death Euthanasia –Assisting in the death of a person suffering from an incurable disease –“Right to die” one of today’s most difficult issues –Supporters view circumstances when death preferable to life –Critics cite abuse

60. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis The Medical Establishment Emerged as a social institution as societies became more productive and people took on specialized work

61. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Holistic Medicine An approach to health care that emphasizes prevention of illness and takes into account a person’s entire physical and social environment Do you think people in the U.S. are accepting of traditional healing practices? Should insurance companies be required to cover these practices, such as acupuncture?

62. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Holistic Medicine What are the three foundations of holistic health care? –Treat patients as people –Encourage responsibility, not dependency –Provide personal treatment

63. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Paying for Medical Care: A Global Survey What are the advantages and disadvantages of a health care system that is controlled by the government? People’s Republic of China –Government controls most health care Russian Federation –Transforming from state-dominated to more of a market system

64. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Paying for Medical Care: A Global Survey Sweden –Socialized medicine  A medical care system in which the government owns and operates most medical facilities and employs most physicians Great Britain –Also established socialized medicine

65. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Paying for Medical Care: A Global Survey Canada –“Single-payer” model that provides health care to all Canadians –Less state-of-the-art technology –Responds more slowly, people might wait months for major surgery

66. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Paying for Medical Care: A Global Survey Japan –Approaches medical care like Europe –Most medical expenses paid through the government

67. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Image Bank

68. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Paying for Medical Care: U.S. Direct-fee system –A medical care system in which patients pay directly for the services of physicians and hospitals What are the advantages and disadvantages of a direct-fee system? Rich can buy best medical care in the world

69. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Paying for Medical Care: U.S. Poor are worse than European counterparts No national medical care program –Culture stresses self-reliance –Political support for national medical program not strong –AMA and insurance industry strongly and consistently oppose national medical care

70. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Paying for Medical Care: U.S. Private insurance programs –67% of U.S. population has private insurance Public insurance programs –Medicare pays costs for people over age 65 –Medicaid pays for the poor

71. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Paying for Medical Care: U.S. Health maintenance organizations –What are the advantages and disadvantages of HMOs? –An organization that provides comprehensive medical care to subscribers for a fixed fee –Criticized for refusing to pay for medical procedures they consider unnecessary –Congress currently debating the extent to which patients can sue HMOs to obtain better care

72. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis The Nursing Shortage What do you believe are factors that have led to a nursing shortage? Fewer people are entering the nursing profession –Today’s young women have a wide range of job choices –Nurses are unhappy with their working conditions

73. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis The Nursing Shortage A good sign –Increase in salaries –Recruitment of more minorities

74. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Theoretical Analysis of Health and Medicine Structural-Functional Analysis: Role Theory –The sick role  Patterns of behavior defined as appropriate for people who are ill –How does turning illness into a role in this way help society operate? –Physician’s role  Use specialized knowledge and expect patients to follow “doctor’s orders” to complete treatment

75. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Theoretical Analysis of Health and Medicine CRITICAL REVIEW –Sick-role concept applies to acute conditions –Sick person’s ability to assume the sick role depends on person’s resources –Illness is not completely dysfunctional

76. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Theoretical Analysis of Health and Medicine Symbolic-Interaction Analysis: The Meaning of Health –The social construction of illness  Our response to illness is based on social definitions  Psychosomatic disorders –When state of mind guides physical sensations –The social construction of treatment  Doctors manipulate their physical surroundings and behavior so that others see them as competent and in charge

77. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Theoretical Analysis of Health and Medicine How do you think soldiers who lose a hand, an arm, or a leg feel about themselves afterward? In terms of personal and social identity, what healing and rebuilding are needed? CRITICAL REVIEW –Implies that there are no objective standards of well-being

78. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Theoretical Analysis of Health and Medicine Social-conflict and feminist analysis –Points out the connection between health care and social inequity Should everyone in the U.S. have access to the same quality of care? Access to care –Capitalism provides excellent health care for the rich at the expense of the rest of the population

79. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Theoretical Analysis of Health and Medicine The profit motive –Real problem is not access to medical care but capitalist medicine itself –Profit motive turns doctors, hospitals, and the pharmaceutical industry into multibillion-dollar corporations –Society tolerant of doctor’s financial interest in tests and procedures they order

80. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Theoretical Analysis of Health and Medicine Medicine as politics –Scientific medicine takes sides on significant social issues  Medical establishment opposes government medical programs  Recently allowed women to join ranks of physicians  Racial and sexual discrimination excluded women and people of color from medicine  Scientific medicine explains illness in terms of bacteria and viruses ignoring poverty, racism, and sexism

81. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Theoretical Analysis of Health and Medicine CRITICAL REVIEW –Minimizes the advances in U.S. health brought about by scientific medicine and higher living standards

82. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis

83. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Theoretical Analysis of Health and Medicine Looking ahead, what patterns regarding health and illness would you predict for our society fifty years from now?