1. Rise of Civilization Unit 1

2. Prehistory The period before people developed writing.

3. 3 types of early man Homo-habilis – man had ability Homo-erectus – man could walk upright Homo-sapiens – man could think

4. Civilizations A highly organized society marked by knowledge of a written language, the arts, sciences, and government.

5. Anthropologists Scientists who study past human civilizations; they compare bones, looking for changes in size and structure.

6. Archaeologists Scientists who study the life and culture of ancient peoples by excavating ancient living sites.

7. Artifacts An object made by humans, such as a tool, ornament, weapon, or pottery, that has historical or archaeological importance.

8. Culture The ideas, customs, skills, and arts of a given people at a given time.

9. Aspects of culture (ways of life) Language Foods Religion Achievement in art and music Use of tools Technology

10. The skills and knowledge available to a people.

11. Nomads A person without a permanent home who moves about canstantly in search of food.

12. Early Man When population was small, had a nomadic lifestyle – men traveled in small groups (tribes) usually following and hunting wild herds of animals. They had no permanent home; people traveled constantly. There emerged a single leader. (Usually, the ruler of each tribe was the 1. Strongest, 2. Eldest, 3. Wisest, and 4. The highest religious leader.)

13. Early People Neanderthals Originated in Africa and spread to Europe. Hunters/gatherers. Used fire for warmth and cooking. Use of fire and clothing made migration to cooler climates possible.

14. Neanderthals (Cont.) Lived in caves Some built shelters with skins.

15. Cro-Magnons Originated in Asia; artifacts in France Either lived at the same time as Neanderthals or came to be when Neaderthals disappeared. Develop knife and chisel Chopped down trees and built canoes.

16. Cro-Magnons (Cont.) Developed bow and arrow tohunt larger animals and have a better food suply. Left behind cave paintings

17. Human Race People that look like people of today. Begins with Adam. Story of Genesis in the Old Testament in the Bible.

18. The Neolithic Revolution The development of Agriculture changed the nomadic lifestyle as farming tied people down to the land in one permanent place/spot. Thus, villages started to form and grow into cities, and civilizations formed.

19. People shifted from gathering/hunting food to producing food. New innovations allowed this: Agriculture Domestication of animals Villages Plow Fertilizer Loom Wheel Metalworking for weapons

20. The domestication of plants and animals led to the domestication of humankind, meaning hunters lived in nature, while farmers tried to control nature.

21. 4 Earliest Known Civilizations First highly organized societies that developed out of river valleys: Mesopotamia (Iraq – on the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers) Ancient Egypt (on the Nile River) India (on the Indus River) China (on the Huang/Yellow River that empties into the Yellow Sea)

22. “The test of civilization is the power of drawing the most benefits out of cities”-Emerson. What do cities provide for people? Jobs, government

23. Civilization A highly, organized society marked by knowledge of a written language, the arts, sciences, & government.

24. Most civilizations developed out of the 4 River Valleys. Nile Tigris/Euphrates Indus Huang

25. Basic Features of Civilizations: 1. Food supply (is stable; often, a surplus thanks to an Irrigation System: rainfall fell to ditches, which ran into canals, & into reservoirs.)

26. Why must there be a surplus of food before a city can develop and grow? In order to free others to engage in other activities.

27. 2. Specialized labor Artisan-A skilled craftworker, such as a builder, potter, & textile worker. -worked one task -very skilled -produced large quantities -improved quality

28. Metalworking-introduced the Bronze Age; used bronze which was easier to pour into a mold and shape weapons. Artisans had a major effect on the economy.

29. Economy-a system of producing, distributing, and consuming wealth to meet people’s needs. Trading-the exchange of goods and services thanks to the ability to travel. HOW? –A. Overland by animals or caravans B. Water by small canoes and later, ships

30. 3. Government Govt. needed a way to supervise and protect agriculture and trade. a. Government officials were created to oversee collection, storage, & distribution of the food surplus. b. Soldiers guarded the city’s territory and trade routes. c. The king was the head of government.

31. 4. Social levels followed the city’s layout. a. In the center were the government and religious buildings; b. Then, houses of the ruling class; c. Then, groups of artisans; d. On the outskirts, farmers. Compare to the city of Glasgow.

32. 5. System of writing; tools of writing were a quill pen and berry ink. -Writing originated when priests would record a surplus of food and the distribution of food. -Early people used pictograms. -Early people also wrote true stories and myths.

33. 6. Organized large-scale projects To control flooding, dams and earthen dikes were built