1. Chapter 28 Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt, 1901–1912

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4. I. Progressive Roots Progressive ideas and theories – Against “let-alone” (laissez-faire) policy / philosophy – The people, through government, must act / help Politicians and writers began to pinpoint targets – “Bloated trusts” attacked as corrupt – Jacob A. Riis’s How the Other Half Lives (1890) – Socialists gained support in elections – Social gospel movement Promoted progressivism based on Christian teachings

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6. II. Raking Muck with the Muckrakers Muckraking magazines – McClure’s, Cosmopolitan, Collier’s and Everybody’s Reporters (muckrakers) dug for ‘dirt’ about… – Corrupt big businesses (Oil, insurance, railroad) – Corrupt municipal government officials

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9. III. Political Progressivism The progressives – Included both political parties, at all levels of gov’t They sought to modernize American institutions – Curb trust / monopoly power – To improve the common person’s life and labor What they achieved – Primary elections, initiative, referendum, recall – Introduced the secret Australian ballot – Direct election of senators (17 th Amendment - 1913) – Also Income Tax (16 th Amendment – 1909) Indirectly Prohibition (18 th ) and Women’s suffrage (19 th )

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13. IV. Progressivism in the Cities and States Progressives impressive gains in the cities – Reorganized city government (city-manager system) – “slumlords,” juvenile delinquency, prostitution issues – Improved water supplies, streetlights, mass transit They bubbled up to states – Elected ‘Progressive’ candidates – Biggest success - regulating public utilities

17. USA Event Deaths Galveston1900Hurricane6-12K San Fransico1906Earthquake3-6K Florida/Puerto Rico1928Hurricane3K NYC2001Terrorism2,996 Johnstown1889Dam Accident2,209

19. 1913 Dayton Flood

23. V. Progressive Women Women ran the settlement house movement – Exposed middle-class women to urban problems – Increased women’s skill, confidence, connections Campaigns for factory reform and temperance – Muller v. Oregon (1908), Lochner v. N.Y. (1905) – Laws not enforced (EG: Triangle Shirtwaist fire - 1911) American welfare focused on women & children Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) – Concern over the cause of social problems

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26. VI. TR’s Square Deal for Labor His program embraced three C’s – C ontrol of the corporations – C onsumer protection – C onservation of natural resources Administrative practice – Created Department of Commerce and Labor (1903) – The Bureau of Corporations was authorized Cleared the road for the era of “trust-busting.”

27. VII. TR Corrals the Corporations Theodore Roosevelt’s belief system – Government, not private business, ruled the country – Believed in “good trusts” and “bad trusts” His first focus - The Railroads – Hatch Act (1903) & Hepburn Act (1906) TR initiated 40 + anti-trust lawsuits (Taft filed more )

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29. VIII. Caring for the Consumer Roosevelt induced Congress to pass – The Meat Inspection Act (1906) – The Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) – Motivated by Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle (1906)

31. IX. Earth Control Steps to conservation of US natural resources – Forest Reserve Act (1891)-Set aside parks / reserves Roosevelt expanded on these previous laws – Preservation of the nation’s shrinking forests – Promoted reclamation of land (deserts / swamps) Private organizations and societies created – Boy Scouts, Audubon Society, Sierra Club

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40. X. The “Roosevelt Panic” of 1907 The goals of Roosevelt’s second term – Regulate corporations, tax incomes, protect workers 1907 Wall St. panic (Recession) – Causes “Runs” on banks, speculators arrested – Conservatives blamed “Theodore the Meddler” Results of the 1907 panic – Paved the way for long-overdue fiscal reforms – Congress (1908) passed the Aldrich-Vreeland Act Authorized national banks to issue emergency currency

41. XI. The Rough Rider Thunders Out Republican select was William Henry Taft – TR’s successor would carry out “my policies” Democrats nominated William Jennings Bryan – Had lost twice in previous elections The results of campaign of 1908 – Taft polled 321 electoral votes to 162 for Bryan – High # of votes for Socialist Party (Debs)

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43. XII. Taft: A Round Peg in a Square Hole President William Howard Taft – Previously a lawyer, judge, cabinet administrator – Non-confrontational, candid, liked status quo – Selected a ‘conservative’ cabinet

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45. XIII. The Dollar Goes Abroad as a Diplomat Taft’s foreign policy – “dollar diplomacy” – U.S. investments boosted U.S. political interests China’s Manchuria Caribbean-especially Cuba Nicaragua - 2500 marines (1912), stayed for 30 years

46. XIV. Taft the Trustbuster Taft brought 90 suits against trusts SCOTUS dissolution of Standard Oil (1911) – violation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 “Rule of reason” doctrine – Trusts that “unreasonably” restrained trade illegal U.S. Steel anti-trust lawsuit (1911) – This initiative infuriated Roosevelt

47. XV. Taft Splits the Republican Party Republican progressives wanted lower tariffs – Taft signed Payne-Aldrich Bill, which raised tariffs Taft also upset progressive conservationists – Allowed mining on ‘protected’ lands Reformist Republican wing upset – TR promoted, “New Nationalism” doctrine Increase gov’t to improve society Congressional elections (1910) – Democrats control House (228-161) – Republican ‘holdovers’ control Senate (51-41)

48. XVI. The Taft-Roosevelt Rupture Taft-TR fight at the Republican convention – Fight over seating delegates Taft (conservatives) win – Fight over nomination Taft (conservatives) win Roosevelt refused to quit – Lead a third-party crusade

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