1. British Civilisation Week 7-8 World War I Dr. Granville Pillar

2. World War I The Industrial Revolution led to the mass production of weapons and ammunition. It brought the invention of the aeroplane, motorised vehicles and radio. In 1917 Winston Churchill was appointed the Minister of Munitions. Churchill began large scale production of the Tank (armoured tracked vehicle with petrol engine) to replace trench warfare. Tanks eventually replaced horse cavalry.

3. World War I Poison gas was used which caused vomiting and suffocation Flame-throwers were used which shot out a stream of burning fuel. The German Navy used submarines, known as U-Boats. Planes were used to observe the enemy, but were later fitted with rapid-firing machine guns and bombs.

4. World War I World War I was the first mass global war of the industrialised age. It demonstrated the strength, resilience and killing power of the modern countries. It employed high-tech weapons – quick firing artillery and machine guns. It employed low-tech defences – trenches and barbed wire. Cavalry was little use in trench warfare.

5. World War I On 28 th June Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire was assassinated in Sarajevo, Bosnia, by Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian terrorist. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Germany’s invasion of France through the neutral Belgium, led to the British declaration of war on Germany on 4 August 1914. Austria-Hungary sided with Germany.

6. World War I The Allied Powers: Britain, France, Russia and USA. The Central Powers: Germany and Austria- Hungary. ‘The Great War’ lasted from 1914-1918. Germany surrendered on 11 September 1918. Treaty of Versailles signed with Germany in June 1919. Severe conditions on Germany by the Allied Powers created conditions which led to World War II.

7. World War I The causes of the war:  The rise of nationalism  A buildup of military might  Competition for colonies  A system of military alliance The results of the war:  Toppled the Emperors of Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Russia  New nations arose from the defeated powers  Europe lost its position in world affairs  Helped create conditions for World War II

8. World War I The consequences of the war  Destruction and casualties 10 million soldiers dies, 20 million wounded  Economic consequences Cost of $337 billion (in 1918, 10 million per hour)  Political consequences 4 Monarchies toppled – Russia, Austria-Hungary, Germany and the Ottoman Empire  Social consequences Shattered beliefs in the superiority of European Civilisation

9. World War I Britain tried to prevent war and proposed and international conference. The German Emperor, Wilhelm II, urged his cousin, Tsar Nicholas II of Russia not to mobilise. Russia mobilsed along the Austria- Hungarian and German border.

10. World War I Germany declared war on Russia (Britain’s ally) on 1 August 1914. Germany declared war on France (Britain’s ally) on 3 August 1914. Germany declared war on Britain on 4 August 1914. The Allied Powers declared war on the Ottoman Empire in November 1914. Turkish troops invaded Russia.

11. World War I Japan declared war on Germany in late August 1914. Australian and New Zealand troops seized German colonies in the Pacific. The United States joined the Allied Powers in 1917. The U.S. troops gave the Allied Powers the manpower they needed to win the war. Bulgaria joined the Central Powers on 14 October 1915.

12. World War I The Peace Settlement 32 Nations from the victorious powers came together in Paris. Germany reluctantly accepted the peace settlement only after the Allies threatened to invade Germany. The treaty was signed in Palace of Versailles near Paris on 28 June 1919. Treaties were made with the other Central Powers.

13. World War I The Peace Settlement Decisions were made on behalf of the Allied Powers by the “Big Four.”  U.S President, Woodrow Wilson  Britain’s Prime Minister, David Lloyd George  France’s Premier, Georges Clemenceau  Italy’s Premier, Vittorio Orlando

14. World War I The Peace Settlement Treaty of St Germaine was signed with Austria in September 1919 The Treaty of Neuilly was signed with Bulgaria in November 1919. The Treaty with Trianon was signed with Hungary in June 1920. The Treaty of Sevres with the Ottoman Empire in August 1920.

15. World War I The Peace Settlement Germany had to pay $33 billion dollars in reparations to the Allies. Germany gave up territory in Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France & Poland, and lost all its colonies. Austria and Hungary were reduced to one third of their former area. The Treaties recognized the independence of Czechoslovakia, Poland and what was to become Yugoslavia. Italy and Romania received territories that had belonged to Austria-Hungary. Mesopotamia, Palestine and Syria were taken away from the Ottoman Empire.

16. World War I The Peace Settlement The Treaty of Versailles imposed harsher terms than Germany had expected. Having accepted the terms, weakened Germany’s postwar government. Paved the way for the success of the NAZI Party led by Adolf Hitler. Hitler ignored the Treaty of Versailles, and in 1939 invaded Poland. World War II had begun.