1. CJ © 2011 Cengage Learning Chapter 1 Criminal Justice Today

2. Learning Outcomes LO1:Define crime and identify the different types of crime. LO2:Outline the three levels of law enforcement. LO3:List the essential elements of the corrections system. LO4:Explain the difference between the formal and informal criminal justice processes. LO5:Contrast the crime control and due process models. © 2011 Cengage Learning

3. 1 LO © 2011 Cengage Learning Define crime and identify the different types of crime.

4. © 2011 Cengage Learning Learning Outcome 1 What is crime? – “a wrong against society proclaimed by law and, if committed under certain circumstances, punishable by society.” Different societies can have vastly different ideas of what constitutes a crime.

5. © 2011 Cengage Learning Learning Outcome 1 The Consensus Model – Members of a society come to a basic agreement regarding shared norms. – Individuals who do not conform to these norms are a threat and must be sanctioned. – Influences by public morality and public pressure.

6. © 2011 Cengage Learning Learning Outcome 1 The Conflict Model – Society is too diverse for members to share moral attitudes. – The most politically powerful members of society have the most influence on criminal law and impose their value system on the rest of the community. – The group in power defines what are crimes.

7. © 2011 Cengage Learning Learning Outcome 1 An Integrated Definition of Crime – Punishable under criminal law, as determined by the majority, or in some cases, by a powerful minority. – Considered an offense against society as a whole and prosecuted by public officials, not by victims and their relatives or friends. – Punishable by sanctions that bring about the loss of personal freedom or life.

8. © 2011 Cengage Learning Learning Outcome 1 Criminal behavior can be grouped into six categories: – Violent crime – Property crime – Public order crime – White collar crime – Organized crime – High-tech crime

9. © 2011 Cengage Learning Learning Outcome 1 Violent Crime – Crimes against persons. – Dominate our perspectives on crime. – Includes: Murder Sexual assault Assault and battery Robbery

10. © 2011 Cengage Learning Learning Outcome 1 –What are the most plausible reasons for the rise in violent crime? –Do you agree with the conclusions of the video regarding the reasons for the rise in violent crime?

11. © 2011 Cengage Learning Video: Violent Crime

12. © 2011 Cengage Learning Learning Outcome 1 Property Crime – The most common form of criminal activity. – The goal of the offender is some form of economic gain or to damage property. – Includes: Larceny/theft Burglary Motor vehicle theft Arson

13. © 2011 Cengage Learning Learning Outcome 1 Public Order Crime – Linked to consensus model. – Activities that violate shared social values. – Also referred to as victimless crime. – Includes: Public drunkenness Prostitution Gambling Illicit drug use

14. © 2011 Cengage Learning Learning Outcome 1 White Collar Crime – Business related crimes. – Illegal act(s) committed to obtain personal or business advantage. – Nonviolent – Includes: Fraud Embezzlement

15. © 2011 Cengage Learning –How is white collar crime different from other kinds of crime? –How is white collar crime similar to other kinds of crime? Learning Outcome 1

16. © 2011 Cengage Learning Video: Enron

17. © 2011 Cengage Learning Learning Outcome 1 Organized Crime – Committed by illegal organizations. – Usually focused on satisfying a public demand for unlawful goods and services. – Implies a conspiratorial and illegal relationship among a number of persons engaged in unlawful acts. – Includes: Gambling Prostitution Illegal narcotics Loan sharking

18. © 2011 Cengage Learning Learning Outcome 1 High-Tech Crime – Also referred to as cyber crimes. – Includes: Selling pornographic materials Soliciting minors Defrauding consumers

19. 2 LO © 2011 Cengage Learning Outline the three levels of law enforcement.

20. © 2011 Cengage Learning Learning Outcome 2 The Criminal Justice System The interlocking network of law enforcement agencies, courts, and corrections institutions designed to enforce criminal laws.

21. © 2011 Cengage Learning Learning Outcome 2 The Purpose of the Criminal Justice System – To control crime – To prevent crime – To provide and maintain justice

22. © 2011 Cengage Learning The Structure of the Criminal Justice System Federalism – government powers are shared by the national government and the states.

23. © 2011 Cengage Learning Learning Outcome 2 Local and County Law Enforcement – County sheriff – chief law enforcement officer of most counties. – Responsible for the “nuts and bolts”: Investigations Patrol activities Trial proceedings Keeping the peace

24. © 2011 Cengage Learning Learning Outcome 2 State – State police – Highway patrols – Fire marshals – Fish, game, watercraft wardens – Alcoholic beverage control officers – Food stamp fraud

25. © 2011 Cengage Learning Learning Outcome 2 Federal Law Enforcement – Department of Homeland Security – Federal Bureau of Investigation – Drug Enforcement Administration – U.S. Secret Service – Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives – Almost every federal agency has some kind of police power.

26. Learning Outcome 2 –Why do you think LAX is an attractive target for terrorists? –What could the Department of Homeland Security do to increase security at airports? © 2011 Cengage Learning

27. Video: U.S. Security Police Patrols

28. © 2011 Cengage Learning Learning Outcome 2 Courts – The US has a dual court system Federal Courts State Courts – Criminal court responsible for determining guilt or innocence of suspects.

29. 3 LO © 2011 Cengage Learning List the essential elements of the corrections system.

30. © 2011 Cengage Learning Learning Outcome 3 The Corrections systems includes: – Probation – Jails – Prisons – Community-based corrections

31. 4 LO © 2011 Cengage Learning Explain the difference between the formal and informal criminal justice processes.

32. © 2011 Cengage Learning Learning Outcome 4 The Formal Criminal Justice Process – Functions as an assembly-line. – “a series of routinized operations whose success is gauged primarily by their tendency to pass the case along to a successful conclusion.”

33. © 2011 Cengage Learning Learning Outcome 4 The informal criminal justice process – Discretion Discretionary basics Discretionary values

34. © 2011 Cengage Learning The Wedding Cake Model

35. 5 LO © 2011 Cengage Learning Contrast the crime control and due process models.

36. © 2011 Cengage Learning Learning Outcome 5 The crime control model – Law enforcement must be counted on to control criminal activity. – Control is difficult and probably impossible. – The system must be quick and efficient. – Police are in a better position than courts to determine guilt.

37. © 2011 Cengage Learning Learning Outcome 5 The due process model – Strives to make it difficult to prove guilt. – Ultimate goal – fairness, not efficiency. – Rejects idea of a criminal justice system with unlimited powers. – Criminal justice system should recognize its own capability of making mistakes. – Relies heavily on courts.

38. © 2011 Cengage Learning