1. 7-17-1 Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu © 2007 UMT Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.eduENTREPRENEURSHIP University of Management and Technology 1901 N. Fort Myer Drive Arlington, VA 22209 USA Phone: (703) 516-0035 Fax: (703) 516-0985 Website: www.umtweb.edu

2. 7-27-2 Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu © 2007 UMT Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu CHAPTER 7: Advertising and Pricing for Profit Zimmerer, T. W and Scarborough, N. M. Essentials of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management (3rd ed.) Prentice Hall © 2002. It Pays to Advertise!

3. 7-3 Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu © 2007 UMT Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu Developing an Advertising Plan Step 1: Create specific, measurable objectives. Step 2: Identify and analyze the target audience. Step 3: Design an advertising message and choose the media for transmitting it.

4. 7-4 Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu © 2007 UMT Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu Build Ads Around a Unique Selling Proposition (USP) USP - A key customer benefit of a product or service that answers the critical question that every customer asks: "What's in it for me?" Identify your product or service's USP by describing the primary benefit it offers customers and then list other secondary benefits it provides. Briefly list a few facts that support this USP. Then, focus your ads to stress these top benefits and the facts supporting them!

5. 7-5 Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu © 2007 UMT Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu A Six-Sentence Advertising Strategy What is the purpose of this ad? What USP can you offer customers? What other key benefits support your USP? At whom are you aiming the ad? What response do you want from your target audience? What image do you want to convey in our ads?

6. Five Fundamentals of a Successful Advertisement. It should attract attention. It should emphasize a key benefit of the product or service to the customer. It should communicate the company’s Unique Selling Proposition (USP). It should prove the USP and benefits to the customer with facts, statistics, or testimonials. It should motivate customers to take action immediately. Source: Adapted from Jerry Fisher, “Fine Print,” Entrepreneur, November 1994, pp. 145-147.

7. 7-7 Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu © 2007 UMT Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu Can Your Ad Pass These 7 Tests? Scan test Comprehension test Differentiation test Puffery test Believability test Immediate clarity test USP test

8. 7-8 Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu © 2007 UMT Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu Promotion Includes... Publicity - any commercial news covered by the media that boosts sales but for which the small business does not pay. Personal selling - the personal contact between sales personnel and potential customers resulting from sales efforts. Advertising - any sales presentation that is nonpersonal in nature and is paid for by an identified sponsor.

9. 7-9 Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu © 2007 UMT Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu Tips for Stimulating Publicity Write an article of interest to customers. Sponsor an off-beat event Involve celebrities “on the cheap.” Offer to be interviewed on TV and radio stations. Publish a newsletter. Speak to local organizations. Sponsor a seminar. Write news releases and fax or e-mail them to the media. Serve on community and industry boards and committees. Sponsor a community project or support a nonprofit organization. Promote a cause.

10. 7-10 Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu © 2007 UMT Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu Top Salespeople… Are enthusiastic and alert to new opportunities. Are experts in the products and services they sell. Concentrate on select accounts. Plan thoroughly. Use a direct approach.

11. 7-11 Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu © 2007 UMT Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu Top Salespeople… Work from the customer’s perspective. Use past success stories. Leave sales material with clients. See themselves as problem solvers, not just vendors. Measure their success not just by sales volume but by customer satisfaction. (continued)

12. 7-12 Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu © 2007 UMT Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu Successful Personal Selling Requires a Selling System Approach - Establish rapport with prospect. Interview - Let the prospect talk. Demonstrate, explain, and show – Make clear the benefits of your product or service. Validate - Prove the claims about your product or service. Negotiate - Listen for objections and try to overcome them. Close - Stop talking and ask for the order.

13. 7-13 Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu © 2007 UMT Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu Selecting Advertising Media: Key Questions How large is my firm's trading area? Who are my customers and what are their characteristics? Which media are my target customers most likely to watch, listen to, or read?

14. 7-14 Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu © 2007 UMT Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu Selecting Advertising Media: Key Questions What budget limitations do I face? Which media do my competitors use? How important are repetition and continuity of my advertising message? What does the advertising medium cost? (continued)

15. 7-15 Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu © 2007 UMT Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu Advertising Media Options Word-of-Mouth Newspapers Radio Television Magazines Direct mail World Wide Web Outdoor ads Transit advertising Directories Trade shows Sponsorships and special events Point-of-purchase ads

16. 7-16 Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu © 2007 UMT Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu Snappy Radio Copy Should.... Stress benefits to the listener. Use attention-grabbers. Zero in on a particular audience. Be simple and to the point. Sell early and often. Be written for the ear. Be rehearsed before presentation. Use positive action words. Put the listener in the picture. Mention the advertiser often. Focus on getting a response.

17. 7-17 Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu © 2007 UMT Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu Creating Direct Mail Ads That Really Work Promise benefits in the headline. Use short “action” words. Leave lots of white space. Use eye-catching words. Forget grammatical rules. Repeat the offer at least three times. Offer proof of claims and endorsements. Ask for the order.

18. 7-18 Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu © 2007 UMT Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu Creating Direct Mail Ads That Really Work Ask the reader questions in the copy. Use high-quality paper and envelopes. People usually open envelopes that resemble bills. Address envelopes to a particular person. Use stamps if possible. Use a “P.S.” because recipients almost always read them. Make the order form easy to fill out. (continued)

19. 7-19 Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu © 2007 UMT Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu Advertising on the Web Banner ads Cookies Full-page ads Push technology ads E-mail ads

20. 7-20 Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu © 2007 UMT Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu Preparing An Advertising Budget What is affordable Matching competitor's advertising expenditures Percentage of Sales Past Sales Forecasted Sales Objective-and-Task

21. 7-21 Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu © 2007 UMT Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu How To Advertise "Big" On A Small Budget Hire "free-lance" copywriters and artists. Use cooperative advertising. Participate in shared advertising. Maximize publicity with techniques such as cause marketing.

22. 7-22 Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu © 2007 UMT Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu What determines price? Price Ceiling ("What will the market bear?") Price Floor ("What are the company's costs?") Acceptable Price Price Range Range ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Final Price (What is the company's desired "image?") Final Price (What is the company's desired "image?") ?

23. 7-23 Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu © 2007 UMT Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu Introducing A New Product 3 Goals: Getting the product accepted Maintaining market share as competition grows Earning a profit 3 Basic Strategies: Penetration Skimming Sliding-down-the-demand-curve

24. 7-24 Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu © 2007 UMT Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu Pricing Techniques Odd pricing Price lining Leader pricing Geographical pricing Opportunistic pricing Discounts Suggested retail prices

25. 7-25 Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu © 2007 UMT Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu Pricing for Retailers: Markup Dollar Markup = $25 - $15 = $10 Dollar Markup = Retail Price - Cost of Merchandise Percentage (of Retail Price) Markup = Dollar Markup Retail Price Percentage (of Cost) Markup = Dollar Markup Cost of Unit Example: Percentage (of Retail Price) Markup = $10 $25 = 40% Percentage (of Cost) Markup = $10 $15 = 67%

26. 7-26 Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu © 2007 UMT Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu Pricing for Manufacturers: Breakeven Selling Price BreakevenSellingPriceQuantity Example: = Profit Variable cost per unit produced Total fixed costs Total fixed costs + { { x } } + Quantity produced BreakevenSellingPrice = $ 6.98/unit 50,000 unit $110,000 $110,000 + { x } + 50,000 units = $9.18 per unit

27. 7-27 Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu © 2007 UMT Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu Pricing for Service Firms: Price per Hour Price per Hour = Total cost per x 1 productive hour (1 - net profit target as productive hour (1 - net profit target as a % of sales) a % of sales) Example: Ned’s TV Repair Shop Price per Hour = $13.44 per x 1 hour (1 -.18) hour (1 -.18) = $16.38 per hour

28. 7-28 Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu © 2007 UMT Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu Consumer Credit Credit cards National Private Installment credit Trade credit