1. Metateori ve Araştırma Prof Dr Remzi ALTUNIŞIK

2. Düşünme Metodolojisinin Gerekliliği O Bir araştırma alanındaki gelişmenin ilk adımı sözkonusu alanda teori oluşturmada ve uygulamalı araştırmalarda titiz bir düşünme metodolojisinin (thinking methodology) kullanımına bağlıdır. Bilim felsefesi böyle bir metodolojinin oluşturulmasında temel teşkil edebilir.

3. Metateori (Metatheory) O … “is the science of science or the investigation of investigation” O … involves the careful appraisal of methodology of science, and the philosophical issues involved in the conduct of science. O … isconcerned with topics such as; O The operationalization of scientific concepts O the logic of testing theories O The use of theory O The nature of causality O Procedures for making predictions

4. Metatheory is … O The investigation, analysis and description of O The technology of building theory O The theory itself O The utilization of theory O is not concerned with CONTEXT of scientific activity, but rather with the CONCEPTUAL PROCEDURES of science.

5. Some Values of Metatheory O helps correct and systematize existing philosophical outlook. O provides scientist with greater conceptual clarity, help them avoid confusions between concepts O help scientist by sensitizing them to make specific assumptions O Minimize dogmatism O Help scientists to appreciate the limitations of their instruments. O Sharpens research strategy O Sensitize scientist to methodological issues O Keeps scientist intellectually restless and dissatisfied

6. In sum; Metatheory helps … O in raising the fundamental scientific and philosophical questions O in asking them in the right ways O disclose conceptual sickness and prescribes treatment for it O widen the horizon of research O

7. What does a scientist do? A scientist endeavors O to describe, O to order, O to record (measure) them, O to understand and O to explain them. His motivation is the desire to be able to predict new phenomena and control the phenomena through influencing the phenomena.

8. Scientific Method O is a set of procedures for establishing and connecting general laws about events and for predicting events yet unknown. O But there is a controversy about what constitutes the appropriate procedures for scientific method.

9. Alternative Models of Scientific Methodology O The Baconian model O The Harvey Model O Bunge’s formulation

10. Baconian Model of Scientifi Inquiry Perceptual experiences Unordered facts Definition classification measurement Ordered facts Inductive generalizations Laws and theory construction Explanation Kaynak: David Harvey, Explanation in Geography, p.34, 1969.

11. An alternative route to scientific explanation (Harvey Model) Perceptual experiences Image of the real world A priori model (formal representation of the image) Hypotheses Experimental design (definition, classification, measurement) Data Verification procedures (statistical tests etc.) Laws and theory construction Explanation Successful Unsuccessful Negative feedback Positive feedback

12. 8 Main Steps In the Application of the Scientific Method (Mario Bunge) 1. Ask well-formulated and likely fruitful questions 2. Devise hypotheses both grounded and testable to answer the questions 3. State assumptions 4. Derive logical consequences of the assumptions 5. Design techniques to test the assumptions 6. Test the techniques for relevance and reliability 7. Execute the tests and interpret the results 8. Evaluate the truth claims of the assumptions and the fidelity of techniques 9. Determine the domains in which the assumptions and the techniques hold, state the new problem raised by the research

13. A Research Cycle (Bunge) New body of available knowledge Body of available knowledge Problem Hypothesis Test technique Evidence Testable consequences Evaluation of Hypothesis New Problem Kaynak: Mario Bunge, Scientific Research, Vol. 1, p.9

14. Rules for adequate execution of research cycle O State your problem precisely and in the beginning specifically. O Try definite and somehow grounded conjectures rather than non-committal or wild hunches- risk hypothesizing definite relationships among clear-cut variables. O Subject your assumptions to tough tests rather than the soft ones. O Do not pronounce true a satisfactorily confirmed hypothesis – regard it as partially true. O Ask why the answer should be as it is and not otherwise.

15. In short, O Baconian model is the position of raw empiricist. O Harvey model introduces the concepts of initial image of the real world structure and experimental design. O Also Harvey model is more explicit in the treatment of positive and negative feedback. O Bunge model emphasizes the notion of testable hypotheses and creation of new problems as the outcome of the research process

16. DeGroot’s cycle of empirical scientific inquiry (5 phases) O Phase 1- Observation O Phase 2 – Induction O Phase 3- Deduction O Phase 4 – Testing O Phase 5 - Evaluation

17. Fiegel’s criterion for scientific activities O Objectivity (inter-subjective testability) O Minimization of personal or cultural bias O Testability O Reliability (dictinguishing opinion from well substatiated belief) O Definiteness or precision (definition of concepts and operationalisation issues and the validity of concepts) O Coherence or systematic structure O Comprehensiveness or scope of knowledge (Generalizability)

18. Scientific research O as the effort to assess existing relevant knowledge and to extend it to concepts and testing integrated hypotheses through the acquisition and analysis of meaningful data, and the critical evaluation of the original concepts and premises.

19. A Paradigm of Research Process Dissemination of research information Making predictions Providing explanation Engaging in necessary control activities Evaluation of and learning from results Organizing and analyzing data in relevant ways Concept formation and specification of hypothesis Acquisition of meaningful data Assessment of relevant existing knowledge Contribution to knowledge 123 4 5 6 7 8 9

20. Types of Research in Marketing O Resource/literature review O Hypothesis testing O Instrumental investigation O Descriptive investigation O Exploratory research

21. The Logic of Scientific Research O Assessment of existing relevant knowledge O Concept formation and specification of hypotheses O Acquisition of meaningful data O Organizing and analysing data in relevant ways O Evaluation

22. Basic Research Activities Concept formation and hypothesis configuration specification Acquisition of meaningful data Evaluation of and learning from results Organizing and analyzing data in relevant ways Deductive logic Interpretation Measurement and Analysis Inductive logic

23. Basic Research Activities… O These basic research activities need not all performed by all researchers and research practice. O But for progress to be made in a field of inquiry or for a given problem area these activities must be performed.

24. Structure and Goals of Scientific Inquiry Explanation (Açıklama) Prediction (Tahmin) Control (Kontrol) Concepts (Kavramlar) Propositions (Önermeler) Theories (Teoriler)

25. Thanks…