1. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Progressive Reform

2. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Objectives Identify the problems in American politics during the Gilded Age. Describe the political reforms the Progressives supported. Explain how journalists contributed to reform efforts.

3. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. civil service – system that includes most government jobs, except elected positions, the judiciary, and the military primary – election in which voters, rather than party leaders, choose their party’s candidate recall – process by which people may vote to remove an elected official from office initiative – process that allows voters to put a bill before a state legislature Terms and People

4. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Terms and People (continued) referendum – way for people to vote directly on a proposed new law graduated income tax – method of taxation that taxes people at different rates depending on income muckraker – term for a crusading journalist

5. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. How did reformers try to end government corruption and limit the influence of big business? The years following the Civil War were marked by excitement and change as amazing new inventions transformed daily life. These years (1870–1890) were known as the Gilded Age because the glittering outside hid government and corporate corruption.

6. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Americans were outraged and demanded changes to limit the power of monopolies and corruption in the government. Some of the business leaders who built giant corporations abused their power. Politicians accepted bribes and did not appoint the most capable people to positions.

7. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The press played a key role in exposing corruption. What the reporters revealed shocked Americans and stirred public opinion. Muckrakers launched investigations into dishonest business dealings and corrupt government officials.

8. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Jacob Riis revealed shocking images of dangerous conditions in slums, tenements, and sweatshops.

9. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The Jungle, by Upton Sinclair, described, in grisly detail, the workings of the meatpacking industry. Public outcry over the book led to passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906.

10. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Meanwhile, Ida Tarbell targeted the unfair practices of big business, focusing on the oil industry and John D. Rockefeller. Tarbell’s writing led to new demands to limit the power of the trusts.

11. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In 1890, Congress passed a law to regulate the ruthless business tactics of the trusts. Sherman Antitrust Act Prohibited businesses from trying to limit or destroy competition While the act was meant to limit the power of big businesses, courts used it against unions, claiming that strikes blocked free trade.

12. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Interstate Commerce Act In 1887, another law was aimed at ending the unfair practices of the railroads. Prohibited anticompetition practices such as rebates, contracts in which a railroad offered a business a lower ticket price as long as its employees agreed not to use other railroads Set up the Interstate Commerce Commission to oversee railroads

13. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Government corruption was especially hard to control in the nation’s cities. Powerful city bosses like New York’s William Tweed grew rich accepting bribes and other payoffs. Americans also demanded that action be taken against dishonest government officials.

14. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Despite the corruption of the bosses, they were loved by the poor. Bosses would hand out turkeys for Thanksgiving and coal during the winter. In exchange, the poor would vote for the boss or the boss’s candidate.

15. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Corruption was also a problem at the national level. Much of the government corruption of the time stemmed from the spoils system. Presidents gave jobs to people as a reward for political support. Some were qualified; many were not. Spoils system

16. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The spoils system was out of control. Vice President Chester A. Arthur had benefited from the spoils system. But when he became President, he worked to reform the system. President James Garfield was killed by a disappointed office seeker.

17. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In 1883, President Arthur signed a law requiring that government jobs be filled on the basis of merit. Pendleton Act Created the Civil Service Commission Jobs went to those scoring the highest on civil service exams

18. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Widespread corruption led to a surge in support for the Progressive movement. Many other states followed Wisconsin’s lead, passing new laws to protect the public interest. Supported primary elections of candidates Commissioned experts to solve problems Governor Robert La Follette introduced a series of Progressive reforms known as the Wisconsin Idea.

19. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Progressive reforms also resulted in two new amendments to the Constitution, both ratified in 1913. Sixteenth Amendment Gave Congress the power to pass an income tax Resulted in the graduated income tax

20. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Seventeenth Amendment Required that senators be elected directly by the people, rather than by state legislatures Progressives wanted to end the bribery of state legislatures.

21. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Many Progressive reforms put more power in the hands of voters.