1. © T. M. Whitmore Today: The historical development of the region geo-politically and industrially Historical development of Russian Empire USSR (the Soviet Union) 1921 - 1989 Industrial development & its geography

2. © T. M. Whitmore Last time Region defined (ex-USSR sans C. Asia) Huge expanse – very north Environmental constraints to development Key resources: oil, gas

3. © T. M. Whitmore Historical development of the Russian Empire Early Slavic state – 800 AD Invasion of Genghis Kahn and Tartars 1240 AD Rise of Muscovy and the Ivans Great Russian imperial expansion 1500 – 1815 Additions 1815 – 1917

4. 1300-1450 1450-1500 1500-1800 1800s

6. Russian Peasant Girls http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/empire/ Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii

7. http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/empire/ Church of the Resurrection in Kostroma in the northern part of European Russia

8. The Emir of Bukharahttp://www.loc.gov/exhibits/empire/

9. A merchant at the Samarkand market

10. Nomadic Kazakhs on the Steppe http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/empire/

11. Dagestani Couple http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/empire/

12. Russian Settlers in the Borderlands http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/empire/

13. Turkmen Camel Driver http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/empire/

14. Hay Harvest http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/empire/

15. © T. M. Whitmore Outcomes of Russian imperialism/colonialism 400+ yrs of territorial expansion/conquest/colonialism! Coincides with W European age of colonization By 1900 Russia largest contiguous empire on earth But, Huge pop ~ 130 m, but only 50% Russian Static and backward economy Held together by force, the RR, and thin wedge of Russian settlement

16. Trans-Siberian Railway 1861-1916

18. © T. M. Whitmore Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR 1921 - 1989) Russian Revolution and fall of Tsarist Empire (1917-1920) 15 so-called “independent” Soviet Socialist Republics (SSRs) Russian SSR has 21 internal “Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics” Most SSRs and ASSRs are different “nations” (ethnicities) Centripetal forces within USSR

20. © T. M. Whitmore USSR (1921 - 1989) Forces of devolution  Poor economy  Poor agriculture  Ethnic & civil divisions  Cold war and Afghanistan

22. © T. M. Whitmore Collapse of USSR 1989 Margins pull out Russian minorities in former SSRS Futures of Russia and its Neighbors

28. © T. M. Whitmore Industrial development & its geography Role of Stalinist - soviet style central planning Role of WW II Role of Cold War arms race Industrial regions in former USSR (not just Russia) Role of breakup of former USSR

31. © T. M. Whitmore Futures Economic problems Ethnic strife internally and on borders External challenges & losses Internal social problems