1. CANADA ENTERING A NEW CENTURY 1900-1914

2. CANADA: LAND OF OPPORTUNITY

3. IMMIGRATION Coming into a country to live Between 1901 and 1914, Canada’s population jumped from 5,370,000 to 8,000,000

4. CULTURAL MOSAIC A society where ethnically / culturally different groups coexist but remain distinct Of the nearly 3 million people that came to Canada at the beginning of the century, almost half were neither from the U.S. nor Britain

6. IMMIGRATION POLICY of the Time Immigration Policy- rules and guidelines for deciding who may enter Canada Laurier appointed Clifford Sifton in 1896 to design the policy

7. “OPEN DOOR” Policy Sifton created an “Open Door Policy” Only open to certain people, however Asians and other visible minorities were not allowed to immigrate Ironic?

8. Sifton’s “Open Door” Policy Attracted farmers who could endure hardships of the praries Preferred immigrants from U.S., Britain and Europe.

9. Attracting New Immigrants

11. The Immigrant Experience Could practice religion free from persecution Most of free land in the US was filled Found work on railways, in mines, lumber camps and factories in growing cities

12. EMIGRATION -People who leave a country --population boomed in Western Canada, but Central and Eastern Canada did experience emigration -Cities in these areas continued to grow, but people in rural areas began moving to the US to find industrial opportunities

13. WHY Immigrate? Why Emigrate? PUSH FACTORS PULL FACTORS

14. PUSH FACTORS Factors that make life difficult / uncomfortable in a country so that people feel “pushed” to look for another country to live Ex. Violence / War, Few Jobs, Little Land, Limited Freedom, Crowded Cities, Poor Housing, Religious Persecution

15. PULL FACTORS Conditions that attract people to a new country Ex. Peace, Jobs, Available land, Freedom, Opportunities, Good Housing, Religious Freedom

16. QUESTIONS 1) Suggest, in order of importance, five push factors that might cause you to think about leaving Canada. 2) Suggest five pull factors you would look for in another country if you were going to leave Canada. Refer to p. 21

17. The Railway Boom Large-scale immigration to the west was made possible by railway development The Canadian Pacific Railway was an important link between Western and Eastern Canada

18. The Problem with the CPR Could not handle all of the demand Immigrants wanted to reach land not served by the CPR Had a monopoly over rail services: farmers believed competition would lower the high freight costs they were paying to ship their grain east

20. Laurier’s Railway Project Laurier granted subsidies (money given to a company / individual to assist them in a beneficial project) to 2 railway companies after 1903 to expand Canada’s rail system. These were: The Grand Trunk Pacific and The Canadian Northern Railway

21. Grand Trunk Pacific Extension of the Grand Trunk Railway that ran from Prince Rupert, BC to Winnipeg. Connected with the National Transcontinental Railway that ran to Moncton

22. Canadian Northern Railway Built from Vancouver to Montreal Was a western alternative to the CPR

23. Competition on the Railways The Grand Trunk and Canadian Northern Railways underwent enormous levels of competition Quickly built tracks, offered discount fares and built hundreds of grain elevators The CPR also expanded and competed

24. The Result of Railway Expansion Railway Lines in Canada: –1867: 3,666 km –1914: 49,588 km Look at the map of Canada’s Railway system in 1914 on p. 26.

25. Work on the Railway In the early 1900s one in three workers in Eastern Canada worked on railways, construction of rail lines or in factories producing railway machinery.

26. Railway Boom to Bust Canadian government took over The Grand Trunk Pacific and Canadian Northern by 1923 They combined them with the other lines to form the Canadian National Railways Financial trouble was the result of overbuilding and decline of use during World War I.

27. Railways’ Impact on Settlement Patterns Factories and factory towns grew along rail lines Prairie town grew alongside railways and grain elevators Rail lines served mining towns of Northern Ontario and in the prairies The Railway served many people that decided to settle along the US border.

28. The Growth of Cities In the early 1900s, Canada’s urban population increased dramatically Many immigrants went to cities to find work in factories Large populations created demand for more jobs: sewers, streetcar tracks, paving streets, building factories and homes, etc.

30. Questions Answer questions # 2 and 3 on page 31