1. Famous Social Scientists
Review

2. Piaget Stages of Cognitive Development Sensorimotor (birth → 2)
Object permanence
Direct sensory experience
Preoperational (2 → 7)
Simple symbols
Egocentric
Concrete Operational (7 → 11)
Conservation/Complex Operations
See others’ point of view
Formal Operational (12 →)
Abstract thought
Use of logic and evidence

3. Freud Superego Id Ego Defense Mechanisms Deny/distort reality
Act unconsciously

4. Freud

5. Freud Id – pleasure principle - innate
Ego – reality principle - learned
Superego – “conscience” - learned
If Ego can’t maintain balance between Id and Superego, then defense mechanisms
Psychoanalysis
dream analysis, hypnosis and free associations
reveal unconscious

6. Freud Stages of Psychosexual Development Oral Stage (0-1 year)
Anal Stage (1-3 years)
Phallic Stage (3-5/6 years)
Latency Period (5/6 – puberty)
Genital Stage (puberty – maturity)
The events of psychosexual development may lead to fixations later on in adult life

7. Jung Unconscious split into individual and collective
Individual Unconscious
contains selfish drives and individual experience
Collective Unconscious
Archetypes – common to all
Two personality types
Extrovert – desire and interest directed to others
Introvert – desire and interest directed to self

8. Maslow Theory of motivation – Hierarchy of Human Needs
Needs range from low (food and water) to high (self actualization)
Lower needs must be met before higher ones

9. Erikson Focused on child development Concerned with identity crises
Contributed eight stages of life
Each stage offers a crisis that must be resolved
Success at later stages depends on ability to resolve earlier crises
Overcoming crises successfully leads to healthy personality development
Inability to resolve crises can lead to unhealthy development
Personality develops through lifetime
Expands on Freud’s infancy theories
Extends development to late adulthood

10. Adler motivating force is sense of inferiority
People strive for perfection
People try to overcome with compensation
Striving towards perfection or superiority
Compensation can be too great (overcompensation – superiority complex)
Birth Order can influence personality

11. Sheldon Behavior explained by body type
Endomorph – round
Mesomorph – muscular
Ectomorph – thin
Temperament is related to body type
Somatotypes

12. Kohlberg Piaget found 2 stages of moral thought
moral realism – concern with consequences
moral autonomy – concern with reasons
Morality motivates behavior
Extended Piaget’s 2 stages to 6
LEVEL
STAGE
SOCIAL ORIENTATION
Pre-conventional 1
Obedience and Punishment 2
Individualism
Conventional 3
Good boy/girl 4
Law and Order
Post-conventional 5
Social Contract 6
Principled Conscience

13. Gilligan Responded to Piaget and Kohlberg
Almost exclusively researched males
Found different moral perspectives among genders
Male – Justice orientation – rights, principles, rules, …
Female – Care orientation – concern, sensitivity, …
Preconventional stage – individual survival
Transition from selfishness to responsibility for others
Conventional Stage – self sacrifice
Transition from goodness to truth
Postconventional - nonviolence

14. Marx Motivation by economic conditions Wrote Communist Manifesto
Economic conditions affect other social structures (religion, politics, art,…)
Wrote Communist Manifesto
Outlined struggle in which proletariat is exploited by bourgeoisie – class struggle
Proletariat sells labour to owner, who enjoy surplus value
Proletariat – large group of working class
Bourgeoisie – small group of owners
Suggested revolution by working class and ultimately a classless society

15. Durkheim Emphasis on social structure
Society (exterior to individual) can explain social behavior
Social stability found in common religion and morality
Loss leads to confusion (Anomie)
Explained suicide as result of anomie, over association, or under association
Strong social ties tend to reduce likelihood of suicide
Excessive social ties can increase the likelihood of suicide

16. Weber
Reaction to Marx
Motivation not by economic condition but meaning (religion)
Examined relationship between religion and economy
Found capitalism thrives under western religions (but not eastern) – Protestant work ethic
Study of social structures alone cannot explain human behavior
Study of Sociology must be a mix of interpretation and experience