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The rise of Jacksonian Democracy
AGE OF JACKSON The rise of Jacksonian Democracy
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“Champion of the Common Man”
Jackson’s Legacy??? “Champion of the Common Man” “King Andrew”
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Who was Andrew Jackson?
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Who was Andrew Jackson?
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Who was Andrew Jackson?
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Who was Andrew Jackson? The Hermitage
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Who was Andrew Jackson?
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Who was Andrew Jackson?
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Who was Andrew Jackson?
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Jacksonian Democracy The “Common Man” Universal male suffrage
Strict constructionism Laissez-faire economics Democratization of nominations for elected office Party caucuses to national conventions Increase in local and state elected offices Rise of third parties Spoils system Manifest Destiny “County Election” George Caleb Bingham 1852
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Four men ran for president in 1824
Election of 1824 Four men ran for president in 1824 Andrew Jackson Henry Clay John Quincy Adams William Crawford
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Election of 1824 Democratic-Republicans fracturing
Election of 1824 has four candidates Sec. of State John Quincy Adams General/Senator Andrew Jackson Sec. of Treasury William Crawford Speaker of the House Henry Clay “Corrupt Bargain” House of Representatives chooses Adams Impact Establishment of Democrats and National Republicans Second Party System
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House Vote for Election of 1824
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John Quincy Adams (NR) (1825-1829)
Son of Federalist John Adams National Republican Corrupt Bargain Most of his proposals rejected by a pro-Jackson Congress Alienated the South and West Tariff of 1828 Tariff of Abominations
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Political Changes in the 1820s
Democratic-Republicans Federalists as Whigs Democrats
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Second Party System (1828-1854)
Democrats: States’ rights Limited government Laissez-faire Expansionism Pro-slavery Equal opportunity South and West Yeoman farmers, working class, southern planters, immigrants Anti-Masonic Party: issue party concerned about Freemasons promoted economic nationalism and social conservatism Liberty Party: abolitionist party Free Soil Party: Prevent expansion of slavery Andrew Jackson National Republicans/Whigs: American System Strong federal government Mixed on slavery Social conservatives New England Upper and middle class professionals, evangelical Protestants Henry Clay
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Election of 1828 Andrew Jackson (D) John Q. Adams (NR)
Political campaigns on national levels Coffin Handbills Jackson’s wife
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Executive Branch 1828 President Andrew Jackson
Vice President John C. Calhoun
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“Old Hickory” The Common Man
Duelist, Gambler, Bar Fighter, Pipe-Smoker, Tobacco Chewer War Hero Spoils System Hired loyalists and friends A Strong Executive Mandate from the people “It was settled by the Constitution, the laws, and the whole practice of the government that the entire executive power is vested in the President of the United States.” Endorsed states’ rights Considered himself a Jeffersonian Democrat
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Democratic Changes Under Jackson
Universal male suffrage – All white males could hold office and vote without property restrictions, social class, or religion
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Spoils System Jackson believed in appointing people to federal jobs according to whether or not they had actively campaigned for the Democratic Party Government jobs in return for party loyalty = spoils system Believed in rotation of government office holders – Jackson rotated cabinet members frequently, usually ousting officials once they disagreed with him
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Jacksonian Democracy Emergence of the “common man”
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Andrew Jackson (D) (1829-1837) Increasing of Presidential Veto Power
Maysville Road (1830) Peggy Eaton Affair “Kitchen Cabinet” Private group of trusted advisors Vetoed more bills than all previous presidents combined Peggy Eaton Affair – wife of Jackson’s secretary of war who was the recipient of malicious gossip and bad word of mouth; other cabinet wives refused to associate with her, and when Jackson tried to force the issue, most of his cabinet members resigned (except Martin Van Buren)
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Nullification Tariff passed in 1828 by JQA that protected northeast industries and hurt southern farmers was declared unconstitutional by South Carolina; according to VP Calhoun, each state had the right to decide whether or not to obey a federal law or to declare it null South Carolina also nullified the Tariff of 1832, and forbid the collection of tariffs within the state; threatened to secede if forced to allow tariffs Jackson used the force bill and threatened to send in the military, as he supported states rights but not disunion
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Jackson vs. Native Americans
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Jackson and Native Removal
Indian Removal Act (1830) Negotiate with Native tribes for removal west to lands west of the Mississippi Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831) Determined Native tribes not to be “foreign states” but as “domestic dependent nations” Worcester v. Georgia (1832) Determined sovereignty of Native tribes therefore not subject to state laws Apocryphal: “John Marshall had made his decision. Now let him enforce it!” - Andrew Jackson Trail of Tears Many died from exposure, disease, starvation 60,000 removed; 15,000 died
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Trail of Tears
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Title: “Andrew Jackson as the Great Father”
Andrew Jackson, legs crossed, sits in an armchair, holding two diminutive Native Americans on his lap. Six diminutive Native Americans sit or stand on the patterned rug at Jackson's feet, looking up at him. A framed picture of Columbia, holding a spear and with her foot on the head of a fallen foe, hangs on the wall in the background. A table on Jackson's right holds a scroll, a book, and two quill pens. The cartoon depicts his position on Native American governmental policies and sarcastically portrays him as a kind ‘father-figure’ to disenfranchised Native Americans. This cartoon, commenting on President Jackson’s passage of the Native American Removal Act five years earlier, attempted to infuse humor into our sometimes brutal political processes.
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Election of 1832 Andrew Jackson (D) Henry Clay (NR)
William Wirt (Anti-Masonic) All candidates elected by national party convention Bank of the United States was central issue
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Jackson vs. National Bank
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Jackson and the Bank War
Nicholas Biddle Bank supported by Henry Clay and Daniel Webster Andrew Jackson “You are a den of vipers and thieves. I have determined to rout you out, and by the Eternal, I will rout you out!” “The bank, Mr. Van Buren, is trying to kill me, but I will kill it.” Death of the National Bank Jackson vetoed the charter Transferred funds to state banks aka “pet banks”
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Life After the Presidency
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So just who is Andrew Jackson?
King Andrew? War Hero? Champion of the Common Man?
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Using the cartoon, answer a, b, and c.
Explain the point of view reflected in the cartoon above regarding ONE of the following presidential powers American Indians economic policy states’ rights Explain how ONE element of the cartoon expresses the point of view you identified in Part A. Explain how the point of view you identified in Part A helped to shape ONE specific United States government action between 1824 and 1844.
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Election of 1836 Martin van Buren (D) Jackson’s VP Whig Candidates
William Henry Harrison (OH) Hugh White (TN) Daniel Webster (MA) Willie Mangum (NC)
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Panic of 1837 National debt paid off in 1835 Specie Circular (1836)
Purchase of federal lands by gold and silver Panic of 1837 Land speculation and crop failures Hard currency led to devalue of paper money and inflation Denial of Bank charter States overextended in infrastructure projects Banks closed; unemployment increased; depression for next five years
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