1. Today is Friday, January 11th
DO NOW
Be sure to take a copy of
Chem w/s and
complete #1 - 9

2. Organic vs. Inorganic Organic Inorganic
View the organic molecules and compare them to the inorganic molecules. What qualifies them as “organic”?
Organic
Inorganic
CO2
H2O
NaCl
AgNO3
HCl
- C6H12O6
- CH11N5O4
- C2H4NO
Organic Chem –
the study of C based compounds (must have both C & H)

3. 2 - 3 Carbon Compounds I. Living things are made of carbon compounds
A. Organic
1. All living things are considered organic
compounds
2. Contains carbon & hydrogen atoms
3. DOES NOT MEAN that it is found in the organic
section in the Supermarket

4. Inorganic
1. Does NOT contain carbon compounds
2. may have carbon but will have other
elements as well

5. Organic vs. Inorganic w/s

6. Intro to Orgo II. Why Carbon?
A. It’s versatile – makes many structures or chains
B. 4 valence electrons (4 covalent bonds)
C. Form simple or complex compounds
D. chains form backbone of most biological molecules (straight, bent, double bond, rings)
Four main organic compounds found in living things
A. Macromolecules
1. large molecules in living things
2. contains numerous amounts of atoms

7. Living organisms Four main organic compounds found in living things
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

8. Carbohydrates Made of C, H, O Main source of energy
Can be used for structural purposes
Glucose = immediate energy
Complex carbs ~
starches ~ stored
Can have 4 valence electrons
Uses its versatility to form chains

9. Polymers – long molecule made of building blocks called monomers
4 classes:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Polymers – long molecule made of building blocks called monomers
Ex. Carbs, Proteins, Nucleic acids

10. “mer”
Activity

11. Carbohydrates We get most of their energy from carbs
Carbs are sugars, most end in “-ose”
Multiple of molecular formula: CH2O
Monosaccharides
Monomers: simple sugars w/ 3-7 carbons
Ex. (C6H12O6): Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

12. Carbohydrates (cont’d)
Disaccharide – formed by 2 monosaccharides forming a glycosidic linkage by dehydration synthesis
Ex.
glucose + glucose  maltose + H2O
glucose + fructose  sucrose + H2O
glucose + galactose  lactose + H2O

13. Carbohydrates (cont’d)
Polysaccharides: 100’s – 1,000’s of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages
Storage polysaccharides:
Starch AKA Amylose
monomer-glucose (helical)
Plants store starch in plastids, and hydrolyze when needed
Glycogen
Monomer – glucose (branched)
Vertebrates temporarily store glycogen in liver & muscle
Structural polysaccharides:
Cellulose – plant cell walls
Monomer – glucose (linear)
Chitin
Arthropod exoskeletons
Fungi cell walls

14. Carbohydrates - Monosaccharide
Saccharide = sugar
Glucose
Galactose
Fructose
Many monosaccharide = polysaccharides

15. Carbohydrates - Polysaccharides
Animals store as glycogen
BS ↓ glycogen gets released from liver
Plants ~ starch is stored excess sugar
Cellulose gives strength & rigidity

16. Lipids No true monomer Made of C & H
Used to store energy
effectiently (2x’s more
than carbs)
Part of biological membranes & waterproof coverings
Used as insulation
Protective cushion around organs
Not soluble in H20

17. Lipids
Examples:
Fats & oils
Phospholipids
Steroids
Waxes

18. Fats & Oils
Fat is assembled when a glycerol combines with a fatty acid
Two types of fats:
- saturated
- unsaturated

19. Saturated Fats
When a carbon bond chain is joined to another carbon atom by a single bond
Contain no double bonds
Straight chain
Have as many H’s as possible
Solid at room temperature
Most animal fat
ex. Butter, lard, adipose

20. Unsaturated Fats (Oils)
When there’s at least 1 double bond in a fatty acid
1 or more C double bond
Chain is bent or kinked
Most plants and fish fat
Liquid at room temperature
ex. olive oil, cod liver
oil, corn oil

21. Phospholipids Phosphate head – hydrophilic - loves water
Fatty Acid tails – hydrophobic
Not soluable in water
In water, phospholipids form a bilayer
Phospholipid bilayer is major component of cell membrane

23. Steroids 4 fused carbon rings w/various functional groups
Ex. Cholesterol – component of cell membrane, and many hormones
Muscle building

24. Nucleic Acids Made mostly of C & P Some H,O, N, S
Monomer is a nucleic acid
Function
Store & transmit genetic info
Two kinds
RNA – Ribonucleic Acid
DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid

25. Structure of Nucleic Acids
Monomers – nucleotides
Multiple nucleotides – polymers
form nucleic acids
composed of 3 parts:
5 carbon sugar
Pentose (ribose or deoxyribose)
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous base
In DNA : Cytosine (C); Thymine (T); Adenine (A); Guanine (G)
In RNA : Cytosine (C); Uracil (U); Adenine (A); Guanine (G)

26. Nucleic Acids 2 types: RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Single stranded, variety of shapes
Transfers information from nucleus to cytoplasm (where proteins are made)
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Found in nucleus of eukarya
Double stranded helix
Provides directions for its own replication
Also directs RNA synthesis
Through RNA controls 10 structure of proteins
DNA RNA Proteins

27. DNA vs. RNA DNA RNA Double Strand Single Strand
Composed of bases A,T,G,C
Composed of bases A,U,G,C
Self-Replicating
Made from DNA strand
Found only in nucleus
Made in nucleus, then moves to cytoplasm (ribosomes)
DNA is the template for the production of RNA, which is then used to make proteins
DNA RNA Proteins

28. Another molecule of biological importance:ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) – primary energy transferring molecule in the cell
ATP ↔ ADP + Pi + Energy

29. Proteins Contain N, H, C, & O consist amino acids (AA)
> 20 different
Specific functions:
Regulation
Control reaction rate
Bone & muscle formation
Transport substances
Infection control

30. Structure of Proteins 10 Structure (primary) 20 Structure (secondry)
- Sequence of amino acid chain (length vary)
Determined by genes
20 Structure (secondry)
How polypeptide folds or coils
Helix form
Pleats form

31. Structure of Proteins 30 Structure (teritary) - 3D (fold onto itself)
H bonds
Hydrophobic interaction
Disulfide bridges
40 Structure –
bonds to other polypeptides
2 or more polypeptide chains bonded together

32. Protein Conformation
Structure of a protein is directly related to its function
Protein conformation is determined when it is synthesized, and maintained by chemical interactions
Protein conformation also depends on environmental factors: pH, salt concentration, temp…etc
Protein can be denatured – unravel and lose conformation, therefore biologically inactive… when conditions change again, protein can be renatured (restored to normal)

33. Assignment:
- complete worksheet