1. Miss Napolitano & Mrs. Haas CP Biology
Organic Chemistry
Miss Napolitano & Mrs. Haas
CP Biology

2. Do Now: Organic: Inorganic:
What is the difference between organic & inorganic? Use the examples below!
Also – define the following terms:
“Dehydration” “Synthesis” “Hydro-” “-lysis”
Organic:
Glucose (C6H12O6)
Table sugar – sucrose (C12H22O11)
Methane (CH4)
Vinegar (CH3COOH)
Nicotine (C10H14N2)
Chlorophyll a (C55H72O5N4Mg)
Inorganic:
Table salt (NaCl)
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Water (H2O)
Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
Ozone (O3)
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)

3. Introduction to Orgo
Organic Chemistry: the study of carbon-based compounds
Contains both C & H atoms
Why carbon?
It’s versatile!
4 valence electrons = 4 covalent bonds
Able to form simple or complex compounds
C chains form the backbone of most biological molecules

4. Functional Groups
Groups of atoms that give molecules specific characteristics
Responsible for chemical reactions between molecules
“R” can be any group of atoms
Name
Atoms
Example
Aldehyde
--COH (double bond)
Carboxylic Acid
--COOH (double bond)
Ketone
--O-- (double bond)
Amine
--NH2
Alcohol
--OH
Phosphate
--PO4- (one double bond)

5. Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons: contain ONLY C & H atoms Store energy
Hydrophobic

6. Macromolecules “Big molecules” 4 classes
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Polymers: long molecules made up of building blocks called monomers
“poly” = many, “mono” = 1
Polymerization: making bonds between monomers

7. Polymerization
Dehydration synthesis (condensation rxn): building dimers or polymers
(Monomer-OH) + (H-monomer)  (dimer) + (H2O)
Hydrolysis: breaking down dimers or polymers
(Dimer) + (H2O)  (monomer-OH) + (H-monomer)

8. Dehydration Synthesis & Hydrolysis

9. Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates: macromolecules with the molecular ratio 1C : 2H : 1O (or some multiple)
Ex: Glucose = C6H12O6
Stores energy
Types of sugars – most end in “-ose”
Monosaccharides: monomer of carbs
Simple sugar with 3-7 carbons
Ex: Glucose, fructose, galactose

10. Monosaccharides (Carbs)

11. Carbohydrates (cont’d)
Disaccharide – formed by 2 monosaccharides
Ex:
Glucose + glucose  maltose + H2O
Glucose + fructose  sucrose + H2O
Glucose + galactose  lactose + H2O

12. Disaccharides (Carbs)

13. Carbohydrates (cont’d)
Polysaccharides: 100’s – 1,000’s of monosaccharides
Storage polysaccharides:
Starch – helical glucose
Produced by plants
Glycogen – branched glucose
Stored in vertebrate liver & muscle
Structural polysaccharides:
Cellulose – linear glucose
Makes up plant cell walls
Chitin
Makes up arthropod exoskeletons, fungi cell walls

14. Polysaccharides (Carbs)

15. Lipids Energy storage macromolecule Hydrophobic (not soluble in water)
Stores 2x more energy than carbs!
Hydrophobic (not soluble in water)
Types:
Fats & oils
Phospholipids
Steroids
Waxes

16. Fats & Oils (Lipids)
Many made up of glycerol – C3H5(OH)3 – & fatty acid chains
Can be classified as either saturated or unsaturated
Function:
Store energy
Insulation
Protective cushioning around organs

17. Saturated Fats (Lipids)
Contain no C double bonds
Straight chains
Saturated in the number of H’s
Solid at room temperature
Usually animal fats
Ex: butter, lard, adipose tissue

18. Unsaturated Fats (Lipids)
One or more (polyunsaturated) C double bonds
Bent or kinked chains
Liquid at room
temperature
Most plant & fish fats
Ex: Olive oil, corn oil,
canola oil

19. Phospholipids Major component of cell membranes
Phosphate head = hydrophilic
Fatty acid tails = hydrophobic
Form a bilayer (2) in water

20. Steroids 4 fused carbon rings with various functional groups
Ex: cholesterol
Component of cell membrane & many hormones

21. Proteins
Various functions: enzymes, structural support, storage, transport, cellular communication, movement, defense
Monomer = amino acid
Cells use 20 amino acids to build thousands of different proteins
Polymers = polypeptides

22. Protein Structure Primary (1o) structure Secondary (2o) structure
Sequence of amino acid (length varies)
Determined by genes
Secondary (2o) structure
How polypeptide folds or coils
α-helix or β-pleats
Tertiary (3o) structure
3D structure (folds onto itself)
Hydrophilic vs. hydrophobic interactions
Quaternary (4o) structure
2+ polypeptide chains bonded together
Not all proteins have 4o structure

24. Protein Conformation
Structure of a protein is directly related to function!
Conformation depends on when synthesized, pH, salt concentration, temperature, etc.
Proteins can become denatured
Unravel & lose conformation
Become biologically inactive
Can become renatured if conditions are restored to normal

25. Denatured Proteins

26. Nucleic Acids DNA  RNA Proteins 2 types: DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid)
Contains genetic information
Double stranded helix
Provides directions for own replication
Directs protein & RNA synthesis
RNA (RiboNucleic Acid)
Single stranded
Transfers information from nucleus to cytoplasm
Helps direct protein synthesis

27. Structure of Nucleic Acid
Monomer – nucleotide composed of 3 parts:
Pentose (ribose or deoxyribose)
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous base
5 nitrogenous bases – adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), guanine (G), & uracil (U)
ATCG = DNA
AUCG = RNA
A pairs with T (DNA) or U (RNA)
C pairs with G

28. Nucleotides
Individual nucleotide
Chain of nucleotides
DNA

29. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Not a macromolecule, but still super important!
Primary energy transferring molecule in the cell
Bonds break to release energy, bonds form to store energy
ATP  ADP + Pi + Energy (releases energy)
ADP + Pi + Energy  ATP (stores energy)