2. Independent Clauses  Independent clauses can stand alone as a sentence Keshawn worked on his EDP.Keshawn worked on his EDP.  They must contain a subject KESHAWN worked on his EDP.KESHAWN worked on his EDP.  They must contain a verb Keshawn WORKED on his EDP.Keshawn WORKED on his EDP.

3. Dependent Clauses  Cannot stand alone as a sentence When the bell rings at 7:20.When the bell rings at 7:20.  Can recognize them because they might start with a subordinating conjunction I know that our bus always comes on time.I know that our bus always comes on time. Whenever something is due, Hiba is ready to turn it in.Whenever something is due, Hiba is ready to turn it in.  Can start with a relative pronoun Can you tell me who is coming to the party?Can you tell me who is coming to the party?  Can start with an interrogative Nobody understands why school starts so early.Nobody understands why school starts so early.

4. Practice: Write the Dependent Clause 1. 1.I've applied for three jobs, hoping to get one. 2. 2.Whenever she's nervous, she bites her nails. 3. 3.Moving quickly up the field, Roberto was in a position to score. 4. 4.Since we all pitched in to help, it didn't take long at all. 5. 5.We'll go as soon as I'm off the phone. 6. 6.I have many computer skills, but my sister is the real expert.

5. Practice: Write the Independent Clause 1. 1.That's Carla, whose brother is a famous actor. 2. 2.I drank the whole pitcher of lemonade that she made. 3. 3.Although they should know better, many students smoke. 4. 4.Racing around the track, Sally headed for the finish line. 5. 5.You should allow extra time, in case there's traffic. 6. 6.Before you leave, would you please shut the windows?

6. Combining Them  Dependent clause + Independent Clause = good When the bell rings, I am going to Algebra.When the bell rings, I am going to Algebra.  Independent clause + Dependent clause = good I am going to eat lunch, if I remembered my money.I am going to eat lunch, if I remembered my money.  Independent clause + independent clause = maybe good… just make sure to punctuate correctly I worked on my EDP; I finished it on time!I worked on my EDP; I finished it on time!

7. What if …?  Independent clauses can be combined with A semi colonA semi colon A periodA period A comma and a conjunctionA comma and a conjunction

8. What if …?  Do not combine independent clause with a comma! This is a comma splice (c/s) and is wrong  Do not just leave them together! This is a run-on sentence and is wrong

9. Comma splice, run-on, or correct? 1.Christian knows the EDP is due Friday, he will work hard to complete it on time. 2.After taking matchmaker, Jenna discovered she should be a scientist, and she was very pleased with the results. 3.Darius only has to enter his career planning activities then he will be done. 4.Everyone needs at least one extracurricular activity, also everyone has to say how the activity helped them. 5.Kyria checked to make sure the EDP was completed, and she was careful to check her grammar and punctuation too. 6.Write a compound sentence

10. A fragment, comma splice, and/or fused sentence item on an objective test might look like this...

11. Sample Item At the pizzeria, Jolene eavesdropped on the argument at the next table, hot cheese cascaded over her slice of pizza onto her bare lap. A.pizzeria; Jolene B.table while hot C.pizza. Onto D.No change is necessary. At the pizzeria, Jolene eavesdropped on the A argument at the next table, hot cheese B cascaded over her slice of pizza onto her bare Clap. A.pizzeria; Jolene B.table while hot C.cascaded. Over D.No change is necessary. At the pizzeria, Jolene eavesdropped on the A argument at the next table while hot cheese B cascaded over her slice of pizza onto her bare Clap. A.pizzeria; Jolene B.table while hot C.cascaded. Over D.No change is necessary. Is the punctuation (or lack of it) at A, B, or C incorrect? Is the punctuation (or lack of it) at A,A, B, or C incorrect? The comma between table and hot makes a comma splice, an error that option B fixes. The comma between table and hot makes a comma splice, an error that option B fixes.

12. Andre practiced jump shots to impress Coach Nelson. A sentence must have a subject, verb, and complete thought. Andre = subject, practiced = verb, and the thought = complete, so you have a sentence. Andre = subject, practiced = verb, and the thought = complete, so you have a sentence.

13. Andre spinning the ball to show off his skills. Recognize a fragment when you see one. And spun the ball to show off his skills.As Andre spun the ball to show off his skills. Andre spun the ball to show off his skills. Spinning ≠ a verb, so you have a fragment ! Spinning ≠ a verb, so you have a fragment ! Now there’s no subject, so you still have a fragment. Now there’s no subject, so you still have a fragment. Yikes ! Now the thought is not complete! Yikes ! Now the thought is not complete! Finally ! A subject, a verb, and a complete thought! Finally ! A subject, a verb, and a complete thought!

14. Recognize fused sentences and comma splices. Andre sank a perfect basket from half court unfortunately the coach’s back was turned. Andre sank a perfect basket from half court, unfortunately the coach’s back was turned. You cannot run together two sentences with no punctuation! You cannot run together two sentences with no punctuation! You cannot join two sentences with a comma ! You cannot join two sentences with a comma ! Andre sank a perfect basket from half court unfortunately the coach’s back was turned. Andre sank a perfect basket from half court, unfortunately the coach’s back was turned.

15. Fix the error with a period and a capital letter. Andre sank a perfect basket from half court unfortunately the coach’s back was turned. Swish goes the period ! Swish goes the period ! Andre sank a perfect basket from half court. Unfortunately, the coach’s back was turned.

16. Fix the error with a comma and a coordinating conjunction. Andre sank a perfect basket from half court unfortunately the coach’s back was turned. Be my FANBOYS — for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. Be my FANBOYS — for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. Andre sank a perfect basket from half court, but the coach’s back was turned.

17. Fix the error with a semicolon. Andre sank a perfect basket from half court unfortunately the coach’s back was turned. Use the semicolon sparingly — 3 to 4 times per essay, max. Use the semicolon sparingly — 3 to 4 times per essay, max. Andre sank a perfect basket from half court; unfortunately, the coach’s back was turned.

18. Fix the error with a subordinate conjunction. Andre sank a perfect basket from half court unfortunately the coach’s back was turned. Reduce one of the two clauses to an incomplete thought. Reduce one of the two clauses to an incomplete thought. Andre sank a perfect basket from half court after the coach’s back was turned.

19. These are the subordinate conjunctions.  after  although  as  because  before  even though  if, even if  in order that  once  provided that  since  so [that implied], so that  than  that  though  unless  when, whenever  where, wherever, whereas  whether  while

20. Remember these general punctuation rules when subordinating one of the clauses in the error. Subordinate clause +, + main clause. Main clause + Ø + subordinate clause.

21. Although Andre sank a perfect basket from half court, the coach’s back was turned. Here’s our sample: Andre sank a perfect basket from half court after the coach’s back was turned. Dropping the comma after court is like a championship game turnover ! Dropping the comma after court is like a championship game turnover ! Adding an unnecessary comma is like grandstanding when a teammate is open ! Adding an unnecessary comma is like grandstanding when a teammate is open !

22. Quick Test Directions: In the items that follow, choose the option that corrects an error in the underlined portion(s). If no error exists, choose “No change is necessary.” Show me you got game ! Show me you got game !

23. Item 1 The dogs drooled while we ate slices of hot pizza but the cat feigned nonchalance even though we knew that she wanted a pepperoni. A.drooled. While B.pizza, but C.nonchalance. Even D.No change is necessary. The dogs drooled while we ate slices of hot A pizza but the cat feigned nonchalance even B C though we knew that she wanted a pepperoni. A.drooled. While B.pizza, but C.nonchalance. Even D.No change is necessary. The dogs drooled while we ate slices of hot A pizza, but the cat feigned nonchalance even B C though we knew that she wanted a pepperoni. A.drooled. While B.pizza, but C.nonchalance. Even D.No change is necessary.

24. Mary Ellen screamed, her roommate’s pet tarantula crawled out of the bag of popcorn. A.screamed her B.screamed; because, her C.screamed as her D.No change is necessary. Item 2 Mary Ellen screamed, her roommate’s pet tarantula crawled out of the bag of popcorn. A.screamed her B.screamed; because, her C.screamed as her D.No change is necessary. Mary Ellen screamed, her roommate’s pet tarantula crawled out of the bag of popcorn. A.screamed her B.screamed; because, her C.screamed as her D.No change is necessary.

25. Item 3 Running late with dinner, Elizabeth fussed with seasonings and wiped spots off the glasses. While the family stared at their empty plates. A.dinner; Elizabeth B.seasonings, and C.glasses while D.No change is necessary. Running late with dinner, Elizabeth fussed with A seasonings and wiped spots off the B glasses. While the family stared at their empty Cplates. A.dinner; Elizabeth B.seasonings, and C.glasses while D.No change is necessary. Running late with dinner, Elizabeth fussed with A seasonings and wiped spots off the B glasses while the family stared at their empty Cplates. A.dinner; Elizabeth B.seasonings, and C.glasses while D.No change is necessary.

26. Everyone scrambled off the lakeside patio. When the 10-foot alligator lumbered onto shore. A.patio when B.patio; when C.patio, when D.No change is necessary. Item 4 Everyone scrambled off the lakeside patio. When the 10-foot alligator lumbered onto shore. A.patio when B.patio; when C.patio, when D.No change is necessary. Everyone scrambled off the lakeside patio. When the 10-foot alligator lumbered onto shore. A.patio when B.patio; when C.patio, when D.No change is necessary.

27. Item 5 The glass of iced tea promised thirst-quenching refreshment Roseanne, however, had to beat Maria to the refrigerator as they raced through the front door. A.refreshment. Roseanne B.however; had C.refrigerator; as D.No change is necessary. The glass of iced tea promised thirst-quenching refreshment Roseanne, however, had to beat A B Maria to the refrigerator as they raced through C the front door. A.refreshment. Roseanne B.however; had C.refrigerator; as D.No change is necessary. The glass of iced tea promised thirst-quenching refreshment. Roseanne, however, had to beat A B Maria to the refrigerator as they raced through C the front door. A.refreshment. Roseanne B.however; had C.refrigerator; as D.No change is necessary.

28. Warren wanted to make a good impression on Melody but the soda explosion that soaked his shirt ruined their first meeting. A.Melody; but, the B.Melody; however, the C.Melody, however, the D.No change is necessary. Item 6 Warren wanted to make a good impression on Melody but the soda explosion that soaked his shirt ruined their first meeting. A.Melody; but, the B.Melody; however, the C.Melody, however, the D.No change is necessary. Warren wanted to make a good impression on Melody but the soda explosion that soaked his shirt ruined their first meeting. A.Melody; but, the B.Melody; however, the C.Melody, however, the D.No change is necessary.

29. Item 7 Because of the hot sun, ice cream ran down the cone and coated Randall’s fingers, his tongue couldn’t keep up couldn’t keep up. A.sun; ice cream B.cone, and C.fingers, for his D.No change is necessary. Because of the hot sun, ice cream ran down the A cone and coated Randall’s fingers, his tongue B C couldn’t keep up couldn’t keep up. A.sun; ice cream B.cone, and C.fingers, for his D.No change is necessary. Because of the hot sun, ice cream ran down the A cone and coated Randall’s fingers, for his tongue B C couldn’t keep up couldn’t keep up. A.sun; ice cream B.cone, and C.fingers, for his D.No change is necessary.

30. Item 8 Wanda took a deep breath and got ready to yell. Because Paul was about to explain why his half of the rent would be late again. A.yell, because B.yell because C.yell for D.No change is necessary. Wanda took a deep breath and got ready to yell. Because Paul was about to explain why his half of the rent would be late again. A.yell, because B.yell because C.yell for D.No change is necessary. Wanda took a deep breath and got ready to yell. Because Paul was about to explain why his half of the rent would be late again. A.yell, because B.yell because C.yell for D.No change is necessary.

31. Item 9 After Simon bought roses for Emily, he spotted Derek’s car in her driveway and realized that this gesture would not repair the relationship or win back her love. A.Emily. he B.driveway. And C.relationship; or D.No change is necessary. After Simon bought roses for Emily, he spotted A Derek’s car in her driveway and realized that this B gesture would not repair the relationship or win C back her love. A.Emily. he B.driveway. And C.relationship; or D.No change is necessary. After Simon bought roses for Emily, he spotted A Derek’s car in her driveway and realized that this B gesture would not repair the relationship or win C back her love. A.Emily. he B.driveway. And C.relationship; or D.No change is necessary.

32. Item 10 Since Larry had studied for hours; he was relieved to find a big red A at the top of his grammar quiz. A.hours he B.hours. He C.hours, he D.No change is necessary. Since Larry had studied for hours; he was relieved to find a big red A at the top of his grammar quiz. A.hours he B.hours. He C.hours, he D.No change is necessary. Since Larry had studied for hours; he was relieved to find a big red A at the top of his grammar quiz. A.hours he B.hours. He C.hours, he D.No change is necessary.

33. chomp! Grammar Bytes! provides additional handouts and exercises on fragments, comma splices, and fused sentences. Go to chompchomp.com ! Grammar Bytes! provides additional handouts and exercises on fragments, comma splices, and fused sentences. Go to chompchomp.com !

34. The End.