1. First GURME Air Quality Forecasting Workshop for Latin American project Santiago, Chile 13-16 October 2003 Pedro Oyola, CONAMA

2. Good Good to Regular Regular Bad Critical Meteorological Conditions Air Pollution = Emission + Ventilation The ventilation indicators for Santiago are

3. Meteorological Conditions 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1997199819992000200120022003 Ventilation Conditions during Critical Episods BadCritical 90 66 75 68 53 92 90

4. PM 10 REDUCTION WINTER PERIOD AT MACAM NETWORK 43% 35% 31%34% 44% 8% 36%

5. 0 10 20 30 40 Number of Episodes Comparison between observed episodes 1997 vs 2003 1997 2003 1997 383717 2003 2140 AlertPre EmergencyEmergency

6. Less Exposure PM 10 Episodes at Pudahuel 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 ICAP Index 1997199819992000200120022003

7. Location of the stations Santiago campaign 2002

8. PM 2,5 Increase in PM during winter Most of the increase is due to PM 2,5 PM (10 – 2,5)

9. Comparison of  a between the monioring stations USACH and Parque have similar levels Conchalí, Renca and Maipú have lower levels

10. Area with high EC pollution is confined to downtown and the west of the city

11. Transport of pollution from Parque to Pudahuel ? 141618202224 Time Ratio (PM2,5/PM10 ) ENEROFEBREROMARZO ABRILMAYOJUNIO Pudahuel, 2000 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 024681012141618202224 Time Ratio (PM2,5/PM10) ENEROFEBREROMARZO ABRILMAYOJUNIO

12. Conclusions An explanation for the increasing of particle matter in Pudahuel is due to airborne transport of PM2,5 from downtown The area with high levels of particle matter at night is located in a sector between Pudahuel, Usach and Parque, excluding Renca, Maipú o Conchalí. This is a consequence of poor ventilation and topographical conditions of the valley

13. Sunday JULY 14th, 2002 ICAP : Particle Air Quality Index at 10 hrs (GMT - 4) http://www.sesma.cl/ Histórico Diario MACAM Network 2

14. Parque O’Higgins 2001 and 2003 Pudahuel 2000, 2002 and 2003 AIM To characterize and compare the Secondary Inorganic Aerosol Fraction at two different stations in Santaago IN PM 2.5: -Nitrate -Nitrite -Sulphate -Chloruride -Ammonia -Potassium (2003) - Calcium (2003)

15. Diurnal Sampling 06:00 to 18:00 h Overnight Sampling 18:00 a 6:00 h Pudahuel (June 22 – July 31, 2002)

16. PM 2.5= 41.2 µg/m 3 PM 2.5= 76,3 µg/m 3 Pudahuel (June 22 – July 31, 2002) Diurnal Sampling 06:00 to 18:00 h Overnight Sampling 18:00 a 6:00 h

17. Parque O’Higgins PUDAHUEL PM10, PM2.5 and Potassium June 25 to July 20, 2003

18. Wet Deposition Rain regime show important variation at the Metropolitan Region (MR). Dew water i.s an important cleaning factor to remove pollutants from the MR atmosphere. The dew water is strong mineralize in comparison with rain water at the MR atmosphere

19. Composición Química de Rocíos. Santiago

20. Studies under development Dew chemical composition. Surface effects. Kinetically decomposition of peroxides. Depositions profiles and y re-evaporation. HONO re-evaporation efficiency. Relation between gas phase and dew water concentrations.

21. Dew Water Chemical Composition Neutral pH and clearly alkaline. Concentrations reach mM levels. nitrite >> nitrate

22. HONO Re-evaporation Between 60 - 95 % of the nitrite is re-emited by the evaporation of the dew. A layer of 100 meters high will contribute by aprox. 2.4 ppb. An equivalent amount of HO* radicals are produce at early mornings hours. This re-evaporation has an important role in the photochemical process at the Metropolitan Area (early ozone formation)

23. PAN/OZONE There is a strong correlation between PAN and Ozone. Max value - 22 ppb at 12-13 hours. Night < 1 ppb PAN is a critical issue

24. PAH Concentration in ng/m 3 (filter +PUF) in 1998, 2001 y 2002 (filter +PUF) in 1998, 2001 y 2002

25. % of the total PAHs v/s (BBF+BKF) y PHEN

26. A direct correlation between observed critical episodes and PAHs concentrations was observedA direct correlation between observed critical episodes and PAHs concentrations was observed Results

27. BAP average concentrations in [ng/m 3 ],Filters and PUFs (Jun-Oct, 2001) BAP average concentrations in [ng/m 3 ], Filters and PUFs (Jun-Oct, 2001) Corresponding to National festivities September 17, 18 y 19 Critical episode starting with alert going to pre-emergency

28. Acknowledgements