1. J. Zhou 1, X. Zhu 1, T. Wang 1, and X. Zhang 2 J. Zhou 1, X. Zhu 1, T. Wang 1, and X. Zhang 2 1 College of Resources and Information Tech., China University of Petroleum 2 Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences October 19, 2007 October 19, 2007 Characterization of Organic Aerosol in the Suburban Area of Beijing

2. Introduction of on-going research Introduction of on-going research Study design Study design Chemical composition of particulate organic matter (POM) Chemical composition of particulate organic matter (POM) PAHs pollution and the major sources PAHs pollution and the major sources Preliminary results regarding health risk assessment Preliminary results regarding health risk assessment Future work Future work Outline

3. Motivation Impact on climate change, visibility, atmospheric chemistry in stratosphere and troposphere and adverse effect on human health Impact on climate change, visibility, atmospheric chemistry in stratosphere and troposphere and adverse effect on human health Need for more monitoring data to refine the knowledge of organic aerosol pollution in China Need for more monitoring data to refine the knowledge of organic aerosol pollution in China Characteristics of organic aerosol pollution in suburban and rural areas Characteristics of organic aerosol pollution in suburban and rural areas

4. Research Distribution of organic compounds in particles with different size (2003-2004, cooperation with Dr. Zhang) Distribution of organic compounds in particles with different size (2003-2004, cooperation with Dr. Zhang) Difference in air pollution characteristics between urban and suburban areas (2003- 2004, cooperation with Dr. Zhang) Difference in air pollution characteristics between urban and suburban areas (2003- 2004, cooperation with Dr. Zhang) Chemical composition of POM in PM 2.5 and PM 10 (2003-present) Chemical composition of POM in PM 2.5 and PM 10 (2003-present) Effect of human activities on POM, especially PAHs and alkanes (2003-present) Effect of human activities on POM, especially PAHs and alkanes (2003-present) Specific Aim: to characterize POM pollution in suburban area and to understand the major sources

5. Study Design Sampling sites Sampling sites Changping District － suburban area ； Changping District － suburban area ； Haidian District － urban area Haidian District － urban area Sampling campaigns Sampling campaigns Suburban area: 2003 － present Suburban area: 2003 － present Urban area: 2003 － 2004 Urban area: 2003 － 2004 In four seasons In four seasons

6. Particulate Matter Collected Particles with different size (≥7.0μm; 3.3 ～ 7.0μm; 2.0 ～ 3.3μm 1.1 ～ 2.0μm ≤1.1μm ) – during 2003-2004; PM 10 － during 2003-2007 ； PM 2.5 – during 2004-2007.

7. Extraction Concentration Aliphatic hydrocarbons Aromatic hydrocarbons Polar Compounds GC-MS Qualification & Quantification PAHs Standard solution Data analysis Sample collection Column cleaning BSTFA

8. n-Alkane:13.7 ％ -23.3 ％ (average of 19.0 ％ ) ， highest in winter composition Fatty acid: 18.9 ％∼ 43.5 ％ (average of ， 30 ％ ) ， highest in summer n-Alkanol: 6.2 ％∼ 21.8 ％ (average of 11.0 ％ ) ， highest in spring PAHs: 2.1 ％∼ 15.4 ％ (average of 5.8 ％ ) ， highest in winter Sugar: 0.8 ％∼ 15.3 ％ (average of 6.5 ％ ) ， highest in autumn Hopane & Sterane: average of 2.8 ％ Dicarboxylic acid and ester: average of 1.33%, products of photochemical reaction

9. Bacteria and Algae Higher plant wax Fossil fuel Pyrolysis origin Biomass burning Secondary Unknown Natural Anthropogenic 31.4 ％ 24.0 ％ 20.1 ％ 10.4 ％ 3.60 ％ 3.60 ％ 1.33 ％ 9.10 ％ Major sources

10. Seasonal variation of PAHs Correlation analysis: temperature and PAH decay Correlation analysis: temperature and PAH decay Multiple approaches to investigate the major sources: Multiple approaches to investigate the major sources:  Molecular marker  Source profile comparison  Specific ratios  Multi-variable statistical analysis

11. Seasonal Variation and Temp.

12. Seasonal Variation and Decay in Air

13. Seasonal Variation and Emission Sources Major sources and the contributions Coal/wood combustion: 26.8 ％ ; Petroleum combustion: 41.8 ％ ; Coke plant: 28.3 ％ ; Diesel vehicle: 3.1 ％ Seasonal variation in the contribution of coal combustion

14. Benzo(a)Pyrene concentration in PM 10 NAAQS

15. Health Risk Assessment Corrected PAHs conc. with toxic equivalency factors (TEF) in Beijing ng/m 3 SpringSummerAutumnWinter 化合物 TEFsUrban area Suburba n area Urban area Suburban area Urban area Suburban area Urban area Suburban area Naphthalene 0.001 ＜ 0.001 0.001 ＜ 0.001 0.001 ＜ 0.001 0.001 ＜ 0.001 Acenaphthylene 0.001 ＜ 0.001 0.0030.001 Acenaphthene 0.001 ＜ 0.001 Fluorene 0.001 ＜ 0.001 0.0020.0010.0030.002 Phenanthrene 0.001 0.002 ＜ 0.001 0.0100.0060.0280.016 Anthracene 0.010.0010.0030.0020.0010.0140.0110.0590.030 Fluoanthene 0.0010.0030.0050.0020.0010.0130.0160.0550.029 Pyrene 0.0010.0030.0050.0020.0010.0130.0150.0480.028 Benzo[a]anthracene 0.10.2590.2940.0070.0351.3681.2502.4331.776 Chrysene 0.010.0470.0540.0030.0060.2270.1820.2900.219 Benzo[b+k]fluoanth ene* 0.11.2781.1550.0060.1280.6260.8463.0462.260 Benzo[a]pyrene 15.2994.5110.0270.5815.5825.39614.30511.113 Indo[1,2,3cd]pyrene 0.11.6511.2170.001 ＜ 0.001 0.1551.9701.003 Dibenzo[a,h]anthra cene 12.0881.4700.0010.1050.0010.3234.6241.314 Benzo[ghi]perylene 0.010.1850.1500.0010.0220.1190.0650.1840.141 ∑PAHs 10.8158.8660.0540.8827.9788.26627.04817.934 BaP/∑PAHs0.490.510.500.660.700.650.530.62 Corrected concentration provides the information regarding health risk. For example, pyrene (lower corrected conc. while high ambient conc.), benzo(a)pyrene (higher corrected conc. while lower ambient conc.) High corrected conc. were observed with 11.47ng/m 3 in urban area and 8.98ng/m 3 in suburban area.

16. Future Work 1. Characterization of air pollution in suburban and rural area  Organic aerosol  Trace metals, especially those in HAP list (chromium) 2. Application of multiple approaches to source apportionment of POM  Molecular markers or organic tracers  Carbon isotopes 3. Air toxic pollution and human health  Measurement of personal exposure  Outdoor/indoor sources and personal exposure

17. Thank you