1. Essential Elements CHNOP

2. Atom’s and Elements  An atom?  The smallest unit of matter  What is a moleucule?  More than one atom

3. Essential Elements  The 5 most essential elements ( CHNOP)  Carbon  Hydrogen  Nitrogen  Oxygen  Phosphorus

4. Hydrogen  The majority of your body is made up of water (H 2 O).  Most reactions take place in water.  IT IS FOUND IN ALL MACROMOLECULES  Bases of DNA contain hydrogen

5. Oxygen  Used in metabolic processes  Used in oxidation reactions  Needed for cellular respiration  Your brain requires oxygen to function and coordinate your nervous system  USED IN ALL MACROMOLECULES

6. Carbon  Bonds with other elements to build larger organic molecules in your body  Carbon atoms are the building blocks of larger molecules  Key component of carbohydrates used by your body for energy  The backbone in all living organisms and IS FOUND IN ALL MACROMOLECULES

7. Nitrogen  Component of nucleic acids which are a part of DNA  Component of amino acids  Part of the structure of neurotransmitters (part of your nervous system)

8. Phosphorus  Phosphorous is a key structural component in the backbone of DNA and RNA.  Cellular energy is stored in molecules called ATP. The "TP" stand for "tri-phosphate". Breaking off one of these phosphates releases energy.  Phosphate tags are used to regulate all kinds of cellular processes (division, growth, apoptosis, etc...).

9. Macromolecules STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

10. Macromolecules  Macromolecules are large molecules that are composed of smaller units called monomers.  The macromolecules themselves are called polymers, because they are made up of many monomers Monomer : one basic unit or subunit Polymer : a chain of many basic units

11. Types of Macromolecules  There are 4 basic types of macromolecules. They are:  Lipids  Proteins  Carbohydrates  Nucleic Acids

12. What you need to know:  Names of the 4 macromolecules  Structure - monomers and polymers of each  Function - what are they used for?  Food sources - what foods will you find these in?  Essential Elements? – of CHNOP, which one(s) does the macromolecule contain?

13. Lipids CHNOP? – CHO & P

14. Lipids: Monomer Vs Polymer Multiple fatty acids A B

15. Lipids: Structure  Monomer: fatty acids or glycerol  CHNOP? - CHO Notice it is one fatty acid

16. Lipids: Structure  Polymer : lipids  Types of lipids:  triglycerides,  phospholipids,  steroids,  Saturated fat – butter,  Unsaturated fat - oil

17. Lipids: Saturated vs Unsaturated

19. Lipids: Phospholipid CHNOP ? C, H, O & P

20. Lipids: Function  Make up the cell membrane, providing cell structure  Provide insulation (fat keeps body warm)  Long-term energy storage

21. Lipids: Food Sources  As you might have guessed, fatty foods contain lipids.  Lipids are found in meat and fish, oils, avacados, eggs & nuts.

22. Proteins CHNOP? - CHNO

23. Proteins: Structure – Monomer vs Polymer  Proteins are made up of…  Monomer: amino acids  20 different kinds!*  Polymer: protein or polypeptides

24. CHNOP? dipeptide Amino acids linked by peptide bonds

25. Proteins: Structure Proteins have complex structures. The shape of a protein determines its function!

26. Proteins: Function  Build and repair muscle and tissues  “No pain, no gain!”  Enzymes- proteins that speed up chemical reactions Enzymes- proteins that speed up chemical reactions

27. Proteins: Food Sources  Proteins are found in meat, fish, legumes, nuts, milk, eggs, grains and soy products.  There are 6 amino acids that our bodies cannot make- we can only get these from food.

28. Carbohydrates CHNOP? -- CHO

29. Carbohydrates: Structure  Carbohydrates are made up of…  Monomer: monosaccharides  Most sugars end in ose  Ex.: glucose, Fructose, ribose  Polymer : polysaccharides  Ex.: starch, cellulose, chitin, glycogen

30. Carbohydrates: Function  Provide body with energy!  Structure of plant walls (cellulose)

31. Carbohydrates: Function  What should you eat before playing the big game? Candy bar or pasta?  Candy bar: contains simple sugars, provides a short burst of energy  Pasta: contains starch which takes longer to break down, provides longer-lasting energy Simple sugars (ex. Glucose) Broken down to disaccharides Broken down further

32. Carbohydrates: Food Sources  Simple carbs (simple sugars) are found in most candy and sweet drinks, fruit, vegetables, and milk. They are quickly digested and give a short burst of energy.  Complex carbs (like starches) are found in pasta, bread, potatoes, legumes & corn. They take longer to digest, and provide energy longer.

33. Nucleic Acids CHNOPS? - CHNOP

34. Nucleic Acids: Structure  Nucleic Acids are made up of…  Monomers: nucleotides  Polymers: Polynucleotide or nucleic acid  Examples DNA or RNA

35. Nucleic Acids: Function  Stores and carries genetic information

36. Nucleic Acids: Food Sources  We get nucleic acid components from vitamins and minerals in our diet. These in turn, come from fruits, vegetables, grains, meats, & almost anything else you can think of with some nutritional value (no junk food!).

37. Digestion & Reconstruction  When macromolecules are eaten, they are digested and broken down into their subunits (monomers).  Analogy: taking apart an old brick building  Inside the cells, these subunits are reconstructed into the macromolecules we need.  Analogy: using bricks to build a new building

38. Digestion Products Macromolecule eaten:Broken down in stomach to: CarbohydratesSimple sugars (i.e. glucose) Lipids Fatty acids & glycerol (glycerol further broken down to glucose) ProteinsAmino acids Nucleic AcidsNucleotides