1. The Heritage of the Ancient Greece ► The Political System - Democracy, drawing of lots for public office → Liberty and equality, freedom of expression ( to propose utopias) LIMITATIONS!

2. The Cultural influence * Theatre, literature, art, education, philosophy, science, sports, judicial power ► The way to think, debate/ dialogue in seeking knowledge

3. The collapse of Athens / Greek city- states ► The Peloponnesian War ( 431-404 BC) → disagreements between Sparta and Athens, Athens wanted to be the most powerful of all city-states; challenged Sparta ► The result : Athens lost the war; Sparta took over ( Sparta´s military discipline --- plague struck Athens, democracy showed its weaknesses: Peasants for peace, Athenians for war, colonies turned against Athens) ► Pericles died in 429 BC: a huge impact on Athens ► oligarchical constitution introduced; the end of democracy!

4. Alexander the Great / Macedonia conquered Greece 336 BC → ► Greek culture and the oriental culture was united into HELLENISM - Greek language - Greek art, science - Persian / oriental influence * Monetary system stimulated the trade, the rise of new towns

5. The Rise, rule and collapse of ROME ► How was it possible that small group of villages in Latium could create the Roman Empire? ► What was the content of the Roman civilization? The heritage of it for today? Was there somekind of UNITY throughout the Roman Empire? ► The fall of the Roman empire; why/ how and the effects!

6. The Rise of Rome ► Background - The Etruscans were in rule at Rome in the 7th and 8th c. The impact on Romans: - turned the villages into a town, Forum Romanum was established - influence on Roman religion (signs, offerings) - The Latin alphabet: influence on European writing - art of temple building, semi-circular arch..

7. The Establishment of The Roman Republic ( 509-31 BC) ► The Etruscan kings were thrown off from Rome ► Why Rome and The Romans? - the excellent position by The Tiber surrounded by the hills, nearby the sea - The famous Roman roads ; The Roman army, the quality of legions ( citizen´s army), the Naval power - attracted by violence ??

8. The Political System of Rome THE SENATE – dominated by aristocrats, the main political power ! THE PEOPLE´S ASSEMBLY ( COMITIA), dominated by the rich, elected public officials and voted laws consuls: always two in charge ( to avoid dictatorship) consuls: always two in charge ( to avoid dictatorship) Public officials; elected for one year Public officials; elected for one year

9. The Social classes ► Patrisians – padres / the rich ► Plebeians --- servants/ the poor, the ordinary people - The Law of 12 Tables ( 5th c. BC); first corpus of written law in Europe → the Plebs got the right of VETO ( theTribunes of Plebs) on the decisions by public officials

10. THE CLAIM: TO WHAT EXTENT IS IT FAIR TO SAY … ► THAT THE ROMAN GOVERNMENT SYSTEM WAS A DEMOCRACY? ► P. 66 “ The Roman Constitution”