1. Systems and Models

2. Try this Think of any system that is cyclical and draw it as a model. For example, the seasons.

3. System An assemblage of parts, working together, forming a functioning whole. May be small or large May be open, closed, or isolated Take a minute and write down 3 examples of a system.

4. Examples of Systems EcologicalOther Types Pond Biome Atmosphere Ocean Island School Political Family

5. Ecosystem A specific geographical area that takes into account all biotic and abiotic factors that interact: Ex: Biosphere = atmosphere (air) + lithosphere (rocks) + hydrosphere (water)+ ecosphere (life). We look at how each system interacts and not individual parts

6. Name a few factors that affect the interactions in this ecosystem

7. Open Systems Exchanges matter and energy with its surroundings ◦ Any examples? ◦ All ecosystems  Forests  Marine  Plains ◦ You and your cells

8. Example Forests  Light enters the system and plants fix energy during photosynthesis. Topsoil may be removed by wind and rain Mineral nutrients are leached out of soil and transported in groundwater to streams and rivers. Water is lost through evaporation and transpiration.

9. To Do: using the model below, draw your own system for a cell phone. Inputs Flows Storage Flows Outputs

10. Closed System Exchanges energy but not matter with the environment. Extremely rare in nature The Earth as a planet can be thought of as almost closed. Energy is exchanged in the form of visible light and infrared. Very little matter gets in and out. Can you give examples?

11. Biosphere 2 An attempt at a closed system. Never produced enough food to sustain human participants Often ran low on oxygen

12. Isolated System Exchanges neither matter nor energy with its environment Do not exist naturally It’s possible to think as the entire universe as and isolated system.

13. Review SystemEnergy ExchangedMatter Exchanged Open Closed Isolated

14. Energy in Systems 1 st Law of Thermodynamics: Energy is neither created nor destroyed. Energy can change from one form to another (light to heat) but no new energy is created. Sometimes called conservation of energy. In a food chain: Light is changed to chemical energy through photosynthesis and transferred again as chemical energy to an herbivore and then carnivore.

15. 1 st Law Continued What about sunlight? What happens to all of the light that reaches Earth? 30% reflected back into space 50% converted to heat 19% powers hydrologic cycle 1% used for photosynthesis That’s 100%

16. 2 nd Law of Thermodymics When energy is transformed into work, some energy is always lost as waste heat. Energy = work + heat ◦ Can you give an example of this law that you may experience often? ◦ Car engine: Does work but gets very hot. Engineers would love to create an engine that doesn’t lose energy as heat. Think how fast you could go!

17. 2 nd Law Continued: Does the lion get as much energy from the plant as the herbivore?

18. Energy Efficiency

19. Equilibrium Tendency of a system to return to an original state following disturbance. ◦ A rubber band can be stretched but it will always return to its original shape. Open systems tend to exist in a state of equilibrium. Stable Equilibrium: System returns to same equilibrium after disturbance Steady-State Equilibrium: No change over the long term but small changes over the short term. Unstable Equilibrium: System returns to a NEW equilibrium after disturbance. (Climate?)

20. Ecosystem Equilibrium Unstable Equilibrium Stable Equilibrium

21. Tipping Point The minimum amount of change within a system that will destabilize it, causing it to reach a new equilibrium or stable state. ◦ Can you think of any human impacts on the environment that might lead to a tipping point?

22. Positive and Negative Feedback Most systems are affected by feedback- the processes, energy, or matter that change the system. Positive Feedback: Encourages a change Negative Feedback: Discourages further change

23. Positive FeedbackNegative Feedback Causes a system to change further. Example: Climate Change Causes as system to change in opposite direction it is moving or causes it to slow down. Ex. Thermostat

24. To Do: On Page 82-83 of the Course Companion, complete the Review. Label each example as positive or negative feedback. Draw diagrams of one example of positive feedback and one example of negative feedback. Include feedback loops in your diagram.

25. Models of systems Models of a system predict changes ◦ Physical Models: Wind tunnel, globe, solar system, aquarium ◦ Software Models: Climate change, population dynamics, groundwater flow ◦ Mathematical equations ◦ Data flow diagrams Limitations: ◦ may lack some complexities of real world ◦ Rely on available data

26. In this class we will… Model climate and climate change Model human and species population dynamics Model groundwater flow Model different types of energies Model landfills and pollution clean up And others

27. Climate Model Inputs

28. Population Growth Model

29. Groundwater Flow Model

30. To Do: 1.) Daisyworld Modeling: http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/mode ls/Daisyworld http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/mode ls/Daisyworld 2.) Climate Modeling: Using Netlogo, open the climate model and follow instructions. Models of Systems Activity (Handout)