1. Chapter 1
Cases show the grammatical function of each noun. Nouns that use the same pattern of endings belong to the same declension.
First Declension Nouns:
have nominative singular in -a and genitive singular in -ae.
All are feminine, unless they refer to a person who would have been a man in antiquity

2. Singular
Plural
Nominative
patria
patriae
Genitive
patriarum
Dative
patriis
Accusative
patriam
patrias
Ablative
patriä

3. Nominative Case:
Subject of the Sentence
Predicate Nominative
Asia est provincia.
Asia is a province.
Genitive Case (“magic word”=“of”):
Genitive of Possession
What goes into the genitive is the person/thing doing the possession, not
agricolae patria = the farmer’s fatherland (the fatherland of the farmer)
Ablative Case
Used with certain prepositions to answer the question “Where?”
in villä = in the farmhouse

4. Chapter 1 Vocabulary agricola, -ae (m.): farmer
femina, -ae (f.): woman
patria, -ae (f.): fatherland, native land
provincia, -ae (f.): province
puella, -ae (f.): girl
silva, -ae (f.): forest
terra, -ae (f.): land
via, -ae (f.): way, road, street
villa, -ae (f.): farmhouse, villa
in (prep. with abl.): in, on
est: is, there is
sunt: are, there are
n.b. when est/sunt mean there is/there are, they precede the subject

5. The 1st Conjugation: Present Tense
1st Person voco (-m in other tenses) vocamus
2nd Person vocas vocatis
3rd Person vocat vocant
Verbs agree with subjects in number (singular or plural)
and in person (1st=I, 2nd=you,3rd = he/she/it, they in plural)
Latin present tense corresponds to 3 types of English verb
1. Simple Present (they call)
2. Present Progressive (they are calling)
3. Emphatic/Question (they do call/do they call?)

6. Accusative Case
The Accusative Case is used for the direct object
Reginam puella laudat.
The girl praises the queen.
Ablative of Accompaniment
Uses the preposition cum.
Agricola cum puellis navigat.
The farmer is sailing with the girls.

7. Apposition:
A noun used to describe another noun is in apposition to the noun.
Ms. Haviland’s dog, Klea, ate too much play-dough.
In Latin, a noun in apposition must be in the same case as the noun it is describing.

8. Chapter 2 Vocabulary fabula, -ae (f.): story
familia, -ae (f.): household
filia, -ae (f.): daughter
poeta, -ae (m.): poet
regina, -ae (f.): queen
vita, -ae (f.): life
amo, amare: love, like
habito, habitare: live, dwell
laudo, laudare: praise
narro, narrare: tell, narrate
voco, vocare: call
cum (prep. with abl.): with
et (conjuntion)=and; as an adverb=even

9. Singular Plural sum sumus es estis est sunt 1st Person 2nd Person
3rd Person
est
sunt
Sum is a linking verb (takes predicate nominative, not direct object
When sum is placed before the subject, it means “there is” or “there are.”

10. Expressions of Place
Accusative of Place to Which (AccPTW)
with ad, in sub
Ablative of Place Where (AblPW)
with in and sub
Ablative of Place From Which (AblPFW)
with a/ab, de, e/ex

11. Questions
To make a yes-no question, add -ne to the end of the first word.
Other interrogative words are used for questions that don’t have a yes-no answer.
quo = to where

12. Chapter 3 Vocabulary a/ab (preposition with abl.): from, away from
ad (preposition with acc.): to, towards
de (+prep. with abl.): from, down from, concerning
e/ex (+ abl.): from, out of
in (+ abl.): in, on
in (+ acc.): into, onto, against
sub (+ abl.): under, at the foot of (no motion)
sub (+ acc.): (to) under, up to, to the foot of

13. Chapter 3 Vocabulary (cont.)
dea, -ae (f.): goddess
nauta, -ae (m.): sailor
ambulo, ambulare: walk
navigo, navigare: sail occupo, occupare: seize
specto, spectare: look at, watch
sum, esse: be
non (adverb): not
quo (interrogative adverb) (to): where?, or as relative adverb: to which place, to which
ubi (interrogative and relative adverb): where
unde (interrogative adverb) from where?, or as relative adverb: from which place, from which
super (+ accus.): over, above

14. Singular Plural N. amicus amici G. amicorum D. amico amicis Acc.
Second Declension
Masculine
Neuter
Singular
Plural N.
amicus
amici G.
amicorum D.
amico
amicis
Acc.
amicum
amicos
Abl.
Singular
Plural N.
verbum
verba G.
verbi
verborum D.
verbo
verbis
Acc.
Abl.
* some masculine 2nd declension nouns have nom. sing. in -er

15. Predicate Accusative:
With verb s of making, naming, choosing.
Filiam voco Emmam.

16. Chapter 4 Vocabulary ager, agri (m.): field, territory
amicus, -i (m.): friend
auxilium, -i (n.): help, aid
bellum, -i (n.): war
legatus, -i (m.): legate, envoy
nuntius, nunti (m.): message, news, messenger
oppidum, -i (n.): town
puer, pueri (m.): boy
verbum, verbi (n.): word
vir, viri (m.): man, husband, hero
paro, parare: prepare
porto, portare: carry
contra (+ acc.): against (as adverb= on the contrary, on the other hand
itaque (conjunction): and so, therefore

17. N. Sing. malus mala malum G. Sing. mali malae Dat. Sing. malo
First/Second Declension Adjectives ending in -us
N. Sing.
malus
mala
malum
G. Sing.
mali
malae
Dat. Sing.
malo
Acc. Sing.
malam
Abl. Sing.
malä
N. Pl
G. Pl.
malorum
malarum
D. Pl.
malis
Acc. Pl.
malos
malas
Abl. Pl.

18. N. Sing. miser misera miserum G. Sing. miseri miserae Dat. Sing.
First/Second Declension Adjectives ending in -er, retaining -e-
N. Sing.
miser
misera
miserum
G. Sing.
miseri
miserae
Dat. Sing.
misero
Acc. Sing.
miseram
Abl. Sing.
miserä
N. Pl
G. Pl.
miserorum
miserarum
D. Pl.
miseris
Acc. Pl.
miseros
miseras
Abl. Pl.
If the -e- remains in the feminine form, it remains in all forms.

19. N. Sing. pulcher pulchra pulchrum G. Sing. pulchri pulchrae Dat. Sing.
First/Second Declension Adjectives ending in -er, dropping -e-
N. Sing.
pulcher
pulchra
pulchrum
G. Sing.
pulchri
pulchrae
Dat. Sing.
pulchro
Acc. Sing.
pulchram
Abl. Sing.
pulchrä
N. Pl
G. Pl.
pulchrorum
pulchrarum
D. Pl.
pulchris
Acc. Pl.
pulchros
pulchras
Abl. Pl.
If the -e- drops in the feminine form, it is gone from all but masc. nom. sing.

20. An adjective must agree with the noun it modifies in gender, number, and case. Note that the endings will often (for now) be identical, but what is important is that they agree in gender, number and case. They won’t always “match.”

21. Chapter 5 Vocabulary fuga, -ae (f.): flight, a running away, escape
periculum, -i (n.): danger
amicus, amica, amicum: friendly
ferus, -a, -um: wild, savage
inimicus, -a, -um: unfriendly, hostile
magnus, -a, -um: great
malus, -a, -um: bad, evil, wicked
miser, misera, miserum: unhappy, poor, wretched
multus, -a, -um: much, many
pauci, paucae, pauca (only pl.): few
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum: beautiful, fine
aedifico, aedificare: build
sed (conjunction): but

22. Vocative Case
Used for direct address
In plural, it is always the same as the nominative
In the singular, it is the same as the nominative EXCEPT
Nouns and adjectives in -us have vocative in -e
amicus nuntius --> amice nuntie
Proper names ending in -ius and filius have vocatives in -i
Vergilius-->Vergili
meus, mea, meum--> mi

23. Sing. Plural N. deus dei, dii, di G. dei deorum D. deo deis, diis, dis
Some Irregular Declensions (you will occasionally see these
in readings, but I will not test you on them).
Sing.
Plural N.
deus
dei, dii, di G.
dei
deorum D.
deo
deis, diis, dis
Acc.
deum
deos
Abl.
Sing.
Plural N.
dea G.
deae
dearum D.
deabus
Acc.
deam
deas
Abl.
deä

24. Formation of Adverbs
1st/2nd declension adjectives normally form adverbs by adding -e to the base (genitive stem)
Some adverbs are irregular
(bene, not bone)

25. Chapter 6 Vocabulary deus, dei (m.): god filius, fili (m.): son
liberi, liberorum (m., pl. only): children
servus, -i (m.): slave
altus, -a, -um: high, deep
bonus, -a, -um: good
liber, libera, liberum: free
longus, -a, -um: long
meus, -a, -um: my, mine
noster, nostra, nostrum: our, ours
tuus, -a, -um: your, yours (one person’s)
vester, vestra, vestrum: your, yours (more than one person’s)
bene (adverb): well
male (adverb): badly

26. voc+a+ba+m voc+a+ba+mus voc+a+ba+s voc+a+ba+tis voc+a+ba+t voc+a+ba+nt
Present System
Formed from present stem (drop vowel-re from 2nd princ. part)
To form imperfect, add vowel+ ba+personal ending
Imperfect us translated as “I was calling/I used to call,” etc.
voc+a+ba+m
voc+a+ba+mus
voc+a+ba+s
voc+a+ba+tis
voc+a+ba+t
voc+a+ba+nt
To form future, add vowel+ bi+personal ending
Future is translated as “I will call,” etc.
voc+a+bo
voc+a+bi+mus
voc+a+bi+s
voc+a+bi+tis
voc+a+bi+t
voc+a+bu+nt

27. “Magic Word” for Dative =“to” or “for”
Dative of Indirect Object
Verbs of giving, saying, showing, etc.
English can use “to” or “for” (but doesn’t always)
Filiae fabulam narro.
I am telling a story to my daughter/I am telling my daughter a story

28. Chapter 7 Vocabulary annus, -i (m.): year
donum, -i (n.): gift
equus, -i (m.): horse
porta, -ae (f.): gate
somnus, -i (m.): sleep
latus, -a, -um: wide, broad
supero, superare: surpass, overcome, defeat
volo, volare: fly, move swiftly, speed, rush
olim (adv.): once, at one time (in past), at some time (in future)
post (adv.): afterward, behind
saepe (adv.): often
per (+ acc.): through, (in oaths) by
post (+ acc.): after, behind
-que (enclitic conjunction): and

29. eram eramus eras eratis erat erant ero erimus eris eritis erit erunt
Imperfect and Future of Sum
Imperfect
eram
eramus
eras
eratis
erat
erant
Future
ero
erimus
eris
eritis
erit
erunt

30. Ablative of Means or Instrument
In English, we usually use the words “with” or “by,” but other words may be used as well.
The means or instrument should not be a person.
In Latin, no preposition is used
gladio = with a sword
paucis verbis = in a few words
equo = on a horse

31. Chapter 8 Vocabulary caelum, -i (n.): sky, heaven
campus, -i (m.): plain, meadow
fortuna, -ae (f.): fortune
regnum, -i (n.): kingdom, kingship, reign
convoco, convocare: call together
exspecto, exspectare: wait for, await
ante (adv.): before, earlier
cur (interrog. adv.): why?
iam (adv.): now, already; non iam: no longer
interim (adv.): meanwhile, in the meantime
nunc (adv.): now, at this time
tum or tunc (adv..): then, at that time
ante (+ acc.): before, in front of
trans (+ acc.): across

32. vocavi vocavimus vocavisti vocavistis vocavit vocaverunt
Principal Parts of Verbs
First conjugation verbs normally have principal parts in -o, -are, -avi, -atum
Principal parts of sum are sum, esse, fui, futurus
Perfect Tense
Find perfect stem (drop -i from 3rd principal part)
Add perfect endings
vocavi
vocavimus
vocavisti
vocavistis
vocavit
vocaverunt
Translation of perfect tense is “I called”/”I have called.”

33. Interrogative Particles
Num: suggests that the answer to the question will be no.
Num stultus est?
He’s not stupid, is he? (of course not!)
Nonne: suggests that the answer to the question will be yes.
Nonne stultus est? He’s stupid, isn’t he? (yes!)
Utrum: Implies that that there are only two possible answers.
Utrum venis an non?
Are you coming or not?

34. Chapter 9 Vocabulary insula, -ae (f.): island
lingua, -ae (f.): tongue, language
umbra, -ae(f.): shadow, shade, ghost
parvus, -a, -um: little, small
do, dare, dedi, datum: give
sto, stare, steti, statum: stand, stand still
cras (adv.): tomorrow
heri (adv.): yesterday
hodie (adv.): today
ibi (adv.): there, in that place
modo (adv.): only, just; just now

35. vocaveram vocaveramus vocaveras vocaveratis vocaverat vocaverant
Pluperfect Tense: start with perfect active stem, use the imperfect of sum as an ending. Translation “I had called,” etc.
vocaveram
vocaveramus
vocaveras
vocaveratis
vocaverat
vocaverant
Future Perfect Tense: start with the perfect active stem, use the future of sum as an ending. Translation “I will have called,” etc.
vocavero
vocaverimus
vocaveris
vocaveritis
vocaverit
vocaverint

36. Coordinating Conjunctions (join 2 principal clauses):
meaning “and”
atque/ac et
itaque
-que
meaning “but” at
autem
sed
meaning “for”
enim
nam
meaning “or” an
aut
vel
meaning “nor”
neque/nec

37. Conjunctions that introduce subordinate clauses (clauses which cannot stand alone as complete sentences):
nisi: if…not; unless
quo: to which place, to which
quod: because
si: if
ubi: when, where
unde: from which place, from which
ut: as

38. Chapter 10 Vocabulary amicitia, -ae (f.): friendship
ara, -ae (f.): altar
dominus, -i (m.): master
frumentum, -i (n.): grain
inopia, -ae (f.): lack, need
locus, -i (m.): place (plural loca, locorum, n.)
magister, magistri (m.): master (of a school or ship), teacher, captain, steersman
populus, -i (m.): a nation or people
socius, soci (m.): ally, comrade
sacer, sacra, sacrum: sacred
nuntio, nuntiare, nuntiavi, nuntiatum: announce, report
pugno, pugnare, pugnavi, pugnatum: fight
diu (adv.): for a long time

39. vocor vocamur vocaris vocamini vocatur vocantur vocabar vocabamur
Passive Voice
In the present system, change active endings to passive to make passive forms
vocor
vocamur
vocaris
vocamini
vocatur
vocantur
Present
vocabar
vocabamur
vocabaris
vocabamini
vocabatur
vocabantur
Imperfect
Future
vocabor
vocabimur
vocaberis
vocabimini
vocabitur
vocabuntur

40. Ablative of Personal Agent
The person by whom a passive verb is performed is put in the ablative, with the preposition a/ab.
Vocabatur a filiä.
He was being called by his daughter.
Predicate Nominative with Passive Verbs
A verb of making, naming, choosing can take a predicate accusative when active. In the passive, a predicate nominative is used.
active: Filiam meam voco Emmam. I call my daughter Emma.
passive: Filia mea vocatur Emma. My daughter is called Emma

41. Chapter 11 Vocabulary copia, -ae (f.): supply, abundance, opportunity
fama, -ae (f.): rumor, report, reputation
ira, -ae (f.): anger
telum, -i (n.): weapon, spear
laetus, -a, -um: joyful, glad
novus, -a, -um: new
paratus, -a, -um: ready, prepared
clamo, clamare, clamavi, clamatum: shout
demonstro, demonstrare, demonstravi, demonstratum: point out, show
laboro, laborare, laboravi, laboratum: toil, suffer, be in difficulties
servo, servare, servavi, servatum: save, keep, guard
rursus (adv.): back, again
semper (adv.): always, continually

42. vocatus, -a, -um sum vocati, -ae, -a sumus vocatus, -a, -um es
Passive Voice, Perfect System
Uses the 4th principal part, with forms of sum as helping verbs.
The participle must agree with the subject in gender and number.
vocatus, -a, -um sum
vocati, -ae, -a sumus
vocatus, -a, -um es
vocati, -ae, -a estis
vocatus, -a, -um est
vocati, -ae, -a sunt
Perfect Pass.
I was called/have been called
vocatus, -a, -um eram
vocati, -ae, -a eramus
vocatus, -a, -um eras
vocati, -ae, -a eratis
vocatus, -a, -um erat
vocati, -ae, -a erant
Pluperfect
I had been called
vocatus, -a, -um ero
vocati, -ae, -a erimus
vocatus, -a, -um eris
vocati, -ae, -a eritis
vocatus, -a, -um erit
vocati, -ae, -a erunt
Fut. Perf
I will have been called

43. Singular Plural narra narrate Singular Plural es este Imperative Mood
Used for giving commands. We will use only the present tense, the second person singular and plural.
Singular
Plural
narra
narrate
Sum has irregular imperative forms
Singular
Plural es
este
There are passive imperative forms as well, but we will not
use them until 2nd year. Future imperative forms have been
eliminated from your readings.

44. Chapter 12 Vocabulary anima, -ae (f.): breath, life, soul
animus, -i (m.): spirit, mind, soul; pl. = morale
aqua, -ae (f.): water
consilium, -i (n.): plan, advice, counsel
captivus, -a, -um: captive
foedus, -a, -um: foul, filthy, horrible, detestable
gratus, -a, -um: pleasing, welcome
verus, -a, -um: true, real
confirmo, confirmare, confirmavi, confirmatum: strengthen, establish, encourage
iuvo, iuvare, iuvi, iutum: help, assist, delight, please
circum (+ acc.): around; as adv. = around, round about
inter (+ acc.): among, between
prope (+ acc.): near; as adv.=nearby, nearly
mox (adv.): soon

45. 3rd Declension Nouns, M & F
Masc. Fem.
frater soror salus
fratris sororis salutis
fratri sorori saluti
fratrem sororem salutem
fratre sorore salute
fratres sorores salutes
fratrum sororum salutum
fratribus sororibus salutibus
*NB You must get the stem from the genitive singular. You cannot predict the stem from the nominative form!

46. Dative with Adjective
Adjectives often used with dative:
amicus, -a, -um: friendly
inimicus, -a, -um: unfriendly, hostile
carus, -a, um: dear
finitimus, -a, -um: neighboring
propinquus, -a, -um: near
vicinus, -a, -um: neighboring
gratus, -a, -um: pleasing
idoneus, -a, -um: suitable
notus, -a, -um: known

47. Chapter 13 Vocabulary amor, amoris (m.): love flamma, -ae (f.): flame
frater, fratris (m.): brother
mater, matris (f.): mother
nepos, nepotis (m. or f.): grandson or granddaughter
pater, patris (m.): father
soror, sororis (f.): sister
carus, -a, -um: dear, expensive
finitimus, -a, -um: adjacent, neighboring
idoneus, -a, -um: suitable
notus, -a, -um: known, well-known
propinquus, -a, -um: near, close; (as a noun, kinsman, relative)
vicinus, -a, -um: near, neighboring

48. 3rd Declension Nouns, Neuter
Masc.
decus
decoris
decori
decore
decora
decorum
decoribus
Remember: You must get the stem from the genitive singular. You cannot predict the stem from the nominative form!

49. Objective Genitive
With a noun that has a verbal idea (e.g. love, flight, memory), the genitive can represent what would be the direct object if instead of the noun you used the related noun.
I have a love of dogs <--> I love dogs.
Sometimes an objective genitive has to be translated with a preposition other than “of” in English.
fuga malorum --> a flight from evils `

50. Chapter 14 Vocabulary auctor, auctoris (m.): founder, author
cupido, cupidinis (f.): longing, desire
cura, -ae (f.): care, anxiety
decus, decoris (n.): ornament, honor, glory (in pl.=honorable exploits)
gratia, -ae (f.): pleasantness, influence, gratitude
(genitive) + gratiä = for the sake of (genitive)
imperium, imperi (n.): command, empire
laus, laudis (f.): praise, fame, glory
memoria, -ae (f.): memory
munus, muneris (n.):duty, funeral, gift, gladiatorial show
numen, numinis (n.): nod, divine will, divine spirit, divinity
pectus, pectoris (n.): breast, heart
timor, timoris (m.): fear
virtus, virtutis (f.): manliness, courage

51. Third Declension Adjectives
follow a variation of 3rd declension
One Termination par, paris (MFN nominative, MFN genitive)
M F N
par par par
paris paris paris
pari pari pari
parem parem par
pares pares paria
parium parium parium
paribus paribus paribus
parïs parïs paria

52. Two Terminations omnis, omne (MF nominative, N nominative)
omnis omnis omne
omnis omnis omnis
omni omni omni
omnem omnem omne
omnes omnes omnia
omnium omnium omnium
omnibus omnibus omnibus
omnïs omnïs omnia

53. Three Terminations celer, celeris, celere (M nominative, F nominative, N Nom.)
M F N
celer celeris celere
celeris celeris celeris
celeri celeri celeri
celerem celerem celere
celeres celeres celeria
celerium celerium celerium
celeribus celeribus celeribus

54. Formation of adverbs from 3rd Declension Adjectives
Get stem from genitive singular, add -iter
celer, celeris, celere --> celeriter

55. Chapter 15 Vocabulary iter, itineris (n.): route, way, journey
multitudo, multitudinis (f.): large number, multitude
nomen, nominis (n.): name
acer, acris, acre: sharp, fierce, keen
celer, celeris, celere: swift
dignus, -a, -um: worthy
ingens, ingentis: huge
memor, memoris: mindful (+ gen.)
omnis, omne: all, every
par, paris: equal
similis, simile: like, alike (+ dative)
vetus, veteris: old

56. Third Declension I-Stem Nouns - M/F
Most nouns ending -is or -es in nom. and same # of syllables in nominative and genitive.
Nouns ending in -ns or -rs in the nominative singular.
Nouns of one syllable with a base ending in 2 or more consonants.
I will always tell you if a noun is an I-Stem – you don’t have
to memorize these rules
navis naves
navis navium
navi navibus
navem naves *
nave navibus
*The book uses –is as the ending here, but this is in fact
an alternate ending that you won’t be responsible for until 3rd year.

57. Third Declension I-Stem Nouns -
Neuter
Neuter nouns that end in -e, -al, -ar
(again, if a noun is an I-Stem, I will tell you!)
mare maria
maris marium
mari maribus

58. Partitive Expressions
Genitive of the Whole (Partitive Genitive)
Just like in English, “of…” can indicate the whole that something is a part of.
Pars urbis occupata est.
Part of the city has been taken.
Some expressions that would not use a partitive in English do use a partitive in Latin:
nihil: nothing
parum: too little
plus, pluris: more
satis: enough

59. Chapter 16 Vocabulary amnis, amnis (m. i-stem): river
arx, arcis (f i-stem.): citadel, castle
caedes, caedis (f i-stem.): slaughter, murder
hostis, hostis (m.i-stem): enemy (of the state)
ignis, ignis (m. i-stem): fire
imber, imbris (m. i-stem): rainstorm, shower
mare, maris (n. i-stem): sea
mors, mortis (f. i-stem): death
navis, navis (f. i-stem): ship
parens, parentis (m. or f. i-stem): parent
pars, partis (f. i-stem): part, share, role
urbs, urbis (f. i-stem): city
vis, vis (f. irreg.): force, violence; in plural = strength

60. habeo habemus habes habetis habet habent habebam habebamus habebas
2nd Conjugation - Infinitive in -ëre
habeo
habemus
habes
habetis
habet
habent
Present
habebam
habebamus
habebas
habebatis
habebat
habebant
Imperfect
habebo
habebimus
habebis
habebitis
habebit
habebunt
Future

61. 2nd Conjugation - Active Imperatives (passive imperatives are in the textbook but we will not use
them this year)
habe
habete
Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect, active and passive, are formed the same for all conjugations (using the 3rd and 4th principal parts, respectively)

62. Ablative Of Separation
With a verb of separation with no motion implied, “from” is expressed in Latin by an ablative of separation.
Usually no preposition (a preposition may be used with a person or with a concrete noun).

63. Chapter 17 Vocabulary
careo, carëre, carui, --: lack (+ abl. of separation)
habeo, habëre, habui, habitum: have, hold, consider
iaceo, iacëre, iacui, iacitum: lie, be situated
maneo, manëre, mansi, mansum: remain
teneo, tenëre, tenui, tentum: hold, grasp
timeo, timëre, timui, --: fear
video, vidëre, vidi, visum: see
prae (+ abl.) before, ahead of
pro (+ abl): before, out in front of, on behalf of

64. mitto mittimus mittis mittitis mittit mittunt mittebam mittebamus
3rd Conjugation - Infinitive in -ere. Note shifting theme vowel!!
Present
mitto
mittimus
mittis
mittitis
mittit
mittunt
Imperfect
mittebam
mittebamus
mittebas
mittebatis
mittebat
mittebant
mittam
mittemus
mittes
mittetis
mittet
mittent
Future - No
-bo, -bis,-bit!!

65. pone ponite 3rd Conjugation - Active Imperatives
Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect, active and passive, are formed the same for all conjugations (using the 3rd and 4th principal parts, respectively)

66. Ablative of Manner
Answers the question “how?”
Can replace an adverb
If the noun in the ablative is not modified by an adjective, cum is necessary
If the noun in the ablative is modified by an adjective, cum is optional, and word order is always adjective + cum + noun

67. Chapter 18 Vocabulary dolor, doloris (m.): pain, grief
dux, ducis (m.): leader
gaudium, gaudi (n.): joy
homo, hominis (m.): human being, person
rex, regis (m.): king
cedo, cedere, cessi, cessum: move, yield (+ dative)
duco, ducere, duxi, ductum: lead
mitto, mittere, misi, missum: let go, send
peto, petere, petivi, petitum: aim at, seek, attack
pono, ponere, posui, positum: put
rego, regere, rexi, rectum: rule

68. capio capimus capis capitis capit capiunt capiebam capiebamus capiebas
3rd Conjugation I-Stem: Infinitive in -ere, 1st principal part in -io.
Present - I of stem only appears when ending doesn’t start with -i
capio
capimus
capis
capitis
capit
capiunt
Imperfect - I of stem shows up in all forms
capiebam
capiebamus
capiebas
capiebatis
capiebat
capiebant
Future - Remember, no
-bo, -bis,-bit!!
I of stem shows up in all forms
capiam
capiemus
capies
capietis
capiet
capient

69. capiunt capit capitis capis capimus capio capiebant capiebat
3rd Conjugation I-Stem: Infinitive in -ere, 1st principal part in -io.
Present - I of stem only appears when ending doesn’t start with -i
capiunt
capit
capitis
capis
capimus
capio
Imperfect - I of stem shows up in all forms
capiebant
capiebat
capiebatis
capiebas
capiebamus
capiebam
Future - Remember, no
-bo, -bis,-bit!!
I of stem shows up in all forms
capient
capiet
capietis
capies
capiemus
capiam

70. cape capite 3rd Conjugation I-Stem - Active Imperatives
I of stem does not appear in imperative forms
Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect, active and passive, are formed the same for all conjugations (using the 3rd and 4th principal parts, respectively)

71. Chapter 19 Vocabulary anguis, anguis (m. or f.): snake
carmen, carminis (n.): song, poem
herba, -ae (f.): grass
lex, legis (f.): law, rule
uxor, uxoris (f.): wife
aspicio, aspicere, aspexi, aspectum: look at behold, see
respicio, respicere, respexi, respectum: look back a, (of a god) look with favor upon
capio, capere, cëpi, captum: take, capture
facio, facere, fëci, factum: make, do
denique (adv.): finally, at last
paene (adv.): almost
statim (adv.): immediately

72. audio audimus audis auditis audit audiunt audiebam audiebamus audiebas
4th Conjugation : Infinitive in -ire, 1st principal part in -io.
Present - I of stem only appears when ending doesn’t start with -i
audio
audimus
audis
auditis
audit
audiunt
Imperfect - I of stem shows up in all forms
audiebam
audiebamus
audiebas
audiebatis
audiebat
audiebant
Future - Remember, no
-bo, -bis,-bit!!
I of stem shows up in all forms
audiam
audiemus
audies
audietis
audiet
audient

73. Chapter 20 Vocabulary aurum, -i (n.): gold
gens, gentis (f.): family, clan, nation
pius, -a, -um: loyal, dutiful
tristis, -e: mournful, grim
aperio, aperire, aperui, apertum: open, uncover, make known
audio, audire, audivi, auditum: hear, listen to
erro, errare, erravi, erratum: wander, stray, be wrong
misceo, miscëre, miscui, mixtum: mix
moveo, movëre, movi, motum: move
muto, mutare, mutavi, mutatum: change, exchange
reperio, reperire, repperi, repertum: find, discover
venio, venire, vëni, ventum: come

74. Declension of Unus (one)
has some 1st/2nd decl endings and some 3rd. It also shares some endings
with the pronouns (which we haven’t seen yet, but will)
Masculine
unus
unius
uni
unum
uno
Feminine
una
unius
uni
unam
unä
Neuter
unum
unius
uni
uno
Declension of Duo (two)
Masculine
duo
duorum
duobus
duos
Feminine
duae
duarum
duabus
duas
duobus
Neuter
duo
duorum
duobus

75. Declension of Tres (three) – a regular 3rd declension adj.
M/F
tres
trium
tribus
tris
Neuter
tria
trium
tribus

76. Partitive Expressions with Numerals
You use de or ex + abl. with numbers,
not a partitive genitive:
quinque de/ex pueris
five of the boys

77. Genitive and Ablative of Description
A phrase in either the ablative or genitive can
describe a noun:
vir magnae virtutis = a man of great courage
vir magno capite = a man with a big head
either one can be translated as “with” or “of,”
whichever works in English

78. Chapter 21 Vocabulary altitudo, altitudinis (f.): height, depth
forma, -ae (f.): form, shape, beauty
latitudo, latitudinis (f.): width, breadth
longitudo, longitudinis (f.): length
mons, montis (m.): mountain
nemo, neminis (m., no plural): no one, nobody
fortis, forte: strong, brave

79. Demonstratives is eius ei eum eo id eius ei eo ei eorum eis eos eae
Is, Ea, Id (this, that, he, she, it)
Singular
M F N
Plural
M F N is
eius ei
eum eo id
eius ei eo ei
eorum
eis
eos
eae
earum
eis
eas ea
eorum
eis ea
eius ei
eam eä

80. We are skipping Chapter 22

81. hic huius huic hunc höc hi horum his hos hae harum his has haec horum
Hic, Haec, Hoc (this (here, close by))
Singular
M F N
Plural
M F N
hic
huius
huic
hunc
höc hi
horum
his
hos
hae
harum
his
has
haec
horum
his
haec
huius
huic
hanc
häc
hoc
huius
huic
höc

82. ille illius illi illum illo illi illorum illis illos illae illarum
Ille, Illa, Illud (that (there, far away))
Singular
M F N
Plural
M F N
ille
illius
illi
illum
illo
illi
illorum
illis
illos
illae
illarum
illis
illas
illa
illorum
illis
illa
illius
illi
illam
illä
illud
illius
illi
illo
iste, ista, istud is a contemptuous demonstrative
that follows the same declension as ille, illa, illud

83. Chapter 23 Vocabulary
arma, armorum (n., only plural): arms (defensive and offensive)
castra, castrorum (n., only plural): (military) camp
tempus, temporis (n.): time
clarus, -a, -um: clear, bright, famous
iuvenis, iuvenis (no neuter): young
mirus, -a, -um: amazing, wonderful
talis, tale: such, of such a kind
tantus, -a, -um: so great, so large
tot (indecl. adj.): so many
ergo (adv.): therefore
iterum (adv.): again, a second time
totiens (adv.): so often

84. ubi: where/when
quo: (to) where
unde: from where
cum: when
ut: as
postquam: after
simul atque (ac): as soon as
quod: because
quia: because
quoniam: since
si: if
nisi: unless
sin: but if
sive…sive: whether…or (also seu…seu)

85. Chapter 24 Vocabulary corpus, corporis (n.): body
os, oris (n.): mouth, face
virgo, virginis (f.): girl, maiden
gravis, -e: heavy, serious
vivus, -a, -um: alive, living
iacio, iacere, iëci, iactum: throw
vincio, vincire, vinxi, vinctum: bind, tie
vinco, vincere, vici, victum: conquer
vivo, vivere, vixi, victum: live, be alive
etiam (adv.): even, yet, still, also
quoque (adv.): also, too
tamen (adv.): nevertheless, yet, still
-ve (enclitic conjunction): or, or possibly

86. “I/Me”
ego
mei
mihi me
“We/Us”
nos
nostrum/nostri
nobis
“You (s.)” tu
tui
tibi te
“You (pl.)”
vos
vestrum, vestri
vobis

87. Reflexive Pronouns
For first and second person, reflexive and non-reflexive
Pronouns are the same
Me vides. = You see me.
Te vides.=You see yourself.
But for 3rd person there is a special reflexive pronoun.
The same form is used for 3rd person singular and 3rd
Person plural.
Miles se videt.=The soldier sees himself.
Miles eum vident.=The soldier sees him (i.e. someone else)
Miltites se vident.=The soldiers see themselves.
Milites eos vident.=The soldiers see them (i.e. other people)

88. Declension of 3rd Person Reflexive Pronoun
(no nominative)
Sui
sibi se Se
Remember, the same forms are used for
Singular and plural.

89. The only time you use a genitive of a pronoun
To express possession is in the 3rd person nonreflexive.
If there is a possessive adjective, you use that instead
Of the genitive of possession. (This is just like English --
You would never say “The book of me” instead of
“my book”
My=-meus, -a, um
Your (s.)= tuus, -a, -um
His/Her/Its (use genitive of is, ea, id)
Our=noster, -ra, -rum
Your (pl.)=vester, -ra, -rum
Their (use genitive plural of is, ea, id)

90. Expressions of Time (no prepositions)
Accusative of Extent of Space (without a preposition)
He will sail for 100 feet.
Navigabit centum pedes.
Expressions of Time (no prepositions)
Accusative of Extent of Time
Quinque horas = for five hours
Ablative of Time When
Quartä horä = at the 4th hour
Ablative of Time Within Which
Quinque horis perveniet. He will arrive within 5 hours.

91. Chapter 25 Vocabulary civis, civis (m. or f.): citizen
fors (defective, ablative = forte; f.): chance
hora, -ae (f.): hour
litus, litoris (n.): shore
natura, -ae (f.): birth, nature
nox, noctis (f., i-stem): night
sanguis, sanguinis (m.): blood
ceteri, ceterae, ceteri (pl. only): the other, the rest (of)
felix, felicis: lucky, successful, happy
fugio, fugere, fügi, fugitum: flee, flee from
inquam (defective verb): say
quidem (postpositive adv.): in fact, to be sure, at any rate
ne…quidem: not even

92. Relative Pronouns
Get their number and gender from the antecedent, their case from their function in the relative clause
Masc.
qui
cuius
cui
quem
quo
Masc.
qui
quorum
quibus
quos
Fem.
quae
quarum
quibus
quas
Neut.
quae
quorum
quibus
Fem.
quae
cuius
cui
quam
quä
Neuter
quod
cuius
cui
quo

93. Haec est puella.
Ei pecuniam dedi.
Haec est puella _________ pecuniam dedi.
Hae sunt puellae __________ pecuniam dedi.
Hae sunt puellae.
Eae navigaverunt.
Hae sunt puellae _________ navigaverunt.

94. Interrogative Pronouns
Who is it?
What is it?
To whom did you give it?
These decline almost exactly like the relative pronoun. Differences are in purple.
Masc./Fem.
quis
cuius
cui
quem
quo
Masc.
qui
quorum
quibus
quos
Fem.
quae
quarum
quibus
quas
Neut.
quae
quorum
quibus
Neuter
quid
cuius
cui
quo

95. Interrogative adjectives:
Who did it? (interrogative pronoun)
What teacher did it? (interrogative adjective)
To whom did you give the money? (pronoun)
To what child did you give the money? (adjective)
The forms of the interrogative adjective are
exactly the same as the forms of the relative pronoun!

96. Chapter 26 Vocabulary
absum, abesse, afui, afuturus: be away, be absent, be distant
ardeo, ardëre, arsi, arsum: burn (intransitive)
colo, colere, colui, cultum: cultivate, worship
lego, legere, lëgi, lectum: pick read
relinquo, relinquere, reliqui, relictum: leave behind, leave, abandon
trado, tradere, tradidi, traditum: hand over, hand down
aedes, aedis (f., i-stem): temple
aetas, aetatis (f.): age, lifetime
caput, capitis (n.): head
imago, imaginis (f.): image, likeness, portrait, statue
mens, mentis (f., i-stem): mind
modus, -i (m.): measure, degree, manner, way

97. Skipping Chapter 27-28

98. Fourth Declension:
Mostly Masculine, except for domus and manus
Many are made from the 4th principal part of verbs
M (and F) N
manus manüs cornu cornua
manüs manuum cornüs coruum
manui manibus cornu cornibus
manum manüs cornu cornua
manu manibus cornu cornibus

99. The Irregular Noun Domus
(Feminine, some 2nd masc. forms, some 4th declension forms)
domus domüs
domüs domuum
domui domibus
domum domos
domo domibus

100. Double Accusative
Some verbs (e.g. rogo (ask, ask for) and doceo (teach))
can take a direct object of a person, or a thing, or both
Magistram naves rogamus.
We ask the teacher for ships.

101. Chapter 29 Vocabulary
salus, salutis (f.): health, welfare, safety, salvation
usus, usüs (m.): use, usefulness, advantage, habit, practice
doceo, docëre, docui, doctum: teach
rogo, rogare, rogavi, rogatum: ask, ask for
cor, cordis (n.): heart
cornu, cornüs (n.): horn, wing (of an army)
cursus, cursüs (m.): running, course
domus, domüs (f.): home
impedimentum, -i (n.): hindrance
manus, manüs (f.): hand, band (of men)
milia, milium (n., pl. only): thousands
passus, passüs (m.): pace

102. Fifth Declension
dies dies
diei dierum
diei diebus
diem dies
die diebus

103. Chapter 30 Vocabulary
species, speciei (f.): sight, appearance, show, kind
spes, spei (f.): hope, expectation
publicus, -a, -um: public, belonging to the people (poplulus)
rusticus, -a, -um: of the country, of farming
dies, diei (m.): day
facies, faciei (f.): appearance, face
fides, fidei (f.) faith, trust, belief
humus, humi (m.): ground, earth, soil
res, rei (f.): thing, affair, matter
rus, ruris (n.): country, countryside, country place

104. The forms of possum, posse, potui, potitum (to be able)
To form the present, imperfect, and future of possum, take
the form of sum, add pot- as a prefix, and when necessary
for easy pronunciation change pot- to pos- when the form
of sum begins with “s”
Present
possum possumus
potes potestis
potest possunt
Imperfect
poteram poteramus
poteras poteratis
poterat poterant
Future
potero poterimus
poteris poteritis
poterit poterunt

105. The perfect system is completely normal,
formed from the perfect stem potu- from the
3rd principal part.
There are no passive forms (it only has a
4th principal part because this will be used
to make other forms next year.
The verb possum takes a Complementary Infinitive.
Nos possumus linguam Latinam legere.
We are able to read Latin.
We can read Latin.

106. Chapter 31 Vocabulary metus, metüs (m.): fear, dread
versus, versüs (m.): a turning a verse (of poetry), a line (of prose)
adsum, adesse, adfui, adfuturus: be present, be present at (+ dat.)
fero, ferre, tuli, latum: bear, bring, take, relate
impono, imponere, imposui, impositum: put something (in acc.) on something/someone (in dative), deceive
insto, instare, institi, -- (+ dat.): stand in, stand on, follow closely, press
ostendo, ostendere, ostendi, ostentum: display, show
praesto, praestare, praestiti, praestitum (+ dat.) stand before, excel
promitto, promittere, promisi, promissum: send forth, promise (+ dat.)
prosum, prodesse, profui, profuturus (+ dat.): be useful, be advantageous

107. End of Latin I
Vobis gratulor!