1. Lesson XXXVI Relative Pronouns

2. The Relative Pronoun who, which, that Relative pronouns relate groups of words to nouns or other pronouns. Relative pronouns are part of a relative clause. This is a type of “dependent” or “subordinate” clause. A dependent clause contains a subject and a verb, but cannot stand alone as a sentence (i.e., a complete thought).

3. The Relative Pronoun Find the independent (stand-alone) clauses: A.Because he cannot be here B.Why can’t he be here? C.Who cannot be here D.Of whom we spoke E.We spoke of him.

4. The Relative Pronoun Find the dependent/subordinate (can’t-stand- alone) clauses: A.For which it stands B.To whose advantage C.Of thee I sing D.What so proudly we hailed E.With a grain of salt

5. The Relative Pronoun Relative clauses begin with a relative pronoun and end (usually) with a verb. The woman who rules Britain is Queen Elizabeth. The boy whose bike I stole is pressing charges. Have you seen the girl to whom I gave the books? The girl whom I visited was my cousin. The land from which our parents came was beautiful. Relative clauses begin with a relative pronoun and end (usually) with a verb. The woman who rules Britain is Queen Elizabeth. The boy whose bike I stole is pressing charges. Have you seen the girl to whom I gave the books? The girl whom I visited was my cousin. The land from which our parents came was beautiful. Relative clauses begin with a relative pronoun and end (usually) with a verb. The woman who rules Britain is Queen Elizabeth. The boy whose bike I stole is pressing charges. Have you seen the girl to whom I gave the books? The girl whom I visited was my cousin. The land from which our parents came was beautiful. Relative clauses begin with a relative pronoun and end (usually) with a verb. The woman who rules Britain is Queen Elizabeth. The boy whose bike I stole is pressing charges. Have you seen the girl to whom I gave the books? The girl whom I visited was my cousin. The land from which our parents came was beautiful. Relative clauses begin with a relative pronoun and end (usually) with a verb. The woman who rules Britain is Queen Elizabeth. The boy whose bike I stole is pressing charges. Have you seen the girl to whom I gave the books? The girl whom I visited was my cousin. The land from which our parents came was beautiful. Relative clauses begin with a relative pronoun and end (usually) with a verb. The woman who rules Britain is Queen Elizabeth. The boy whose bike I stole is pressing charges. Have you seen the girl to whom I gave the books? The girl whom I visited was my cousin. The land from which our parents came was beautiful. Relative clauses begin with a relative pronoun and end (usually) with a verb. The woman who rules Britain is Queen Elizabeth. The boy whose bike I stole is pressing charges. Have you seen the girl to whom I gave the books? The girl whom I visited was my cousin. The land from which our parents came was beautiful. Now, try the sentences on your handout!

6. The Relative Pronoun (also the Interrogative Adjective) quī, quae, quod - who, which, that quīcuiuscuiquemquōquīquōrumquibusquōsquibusquaecuiuscuiquamquā quaequārumquibusquāsquibusquodcuiuscuiquodquō quaequōrumquibusquaequibus M.F.N. Sg. Pl. Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl. Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl.

7. Relative Pronoun Chart quaecuiuscuiquamquā quaequārumquibusquāsquibusquīcuiuscuiquemquōquīquōrumquibusquōsquibusquodcuiuscuiquodquo quaequorumquibusquaequibus M.F.N. Sg. Pl. Nom. who, which, that Gen. whose, of whom, of which Dat. to/for whom, to/for which Acc. whom, which, that Abl. by, with, etc. whom, which

8. Finding the case, number, and gender of relative pronouns. The woman who rules Britain is Queen Elizabeth. Who refers to woman. Gender of woman: feminine Number of woman: singular Who: “who rules Britain”--- “who” is the subject of its clause. ---subjects are nominative Therefore, “who” in this sentence is feminine, singular, nominative: QUAE Relative pronouns agree with their antecedent in GENDER and NUMBER. But their CASE is determined by how they work in their own clause.

9. Relative Pronouns The boy whose bike I stole is pressing charges. Whose refers to the boy. Gender of boy: masculine Number of boy: singular Whose: “whose” shows possession---I stole whose (his) bike. Possession is shown by using the genitive case. Therefore…. WHOSE is masculine, singular, genitive: CUIUS

10. Try these! (and learn a big secret about using who/whom in English…!) Have you seen the girl to whom I gave the books? The girl whom I visited was my cousin. The land from which our parents came was beautiful. Feminine, singular, dative: CUI Feminine (terra), singular, ablative (after “from”): QUA Feminine, singular, accusative: QUAM

11. Who vs. Whom in English 1.The child ________ I babysit lives next door. 2.The person ________ is texting me right now has no idea I’m in school and must focus on this challenging lesson. ;-) 3.The lady ________ lives next door always calls her cat every evening ad nauseam. 4.The people ___________ I most admire are my parents. 5.My friend, ________ you see in this picture, lives in Texas. WHOM WHO

12. The Relative Pronoun Vidi reginam quae Britanniam regit. I saw the queen who rules Britain. Puer cuius librum habeo est amicus noster. The boy whose book I have is our friend. Virum cui librum dedi vidisti. You saw the man to whom I gave the book. Oppidum quod vidit erat parvum. The town that he saw was small. Inimici erant viri quibuscum pugnabatis. The enemies were the men with whom you were fighting.