1. Population: Where are we? Where are we going? Densities and Distributions Composition Age Race Gender Ethnicity Effects of Natural Phenomena Growth and Decline Theories Trends Movement and Migration

2. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. MOVEMENT AND MIGRATION Forced and Voluntary Selectivity Refugees Consequences

3. THE DEMOGRAPHIC EQUATION Summarizes the population change over time in an area by combining natural change (death rate – birth rate) and the net migration Net migration = difference between emigration (from) and immigration (to)

4. PUSH – PULL FACTORS People decide to migrate because of push factors and pull factors. A push factor induces people to move out of their present location A pull factor induces people to move into a new location. Both push and pull factors typically play a role in human migration.

5. THREE TYPES OF PUSH-PULL We can identify 3 major kinds of push and pull factors: Economic Political (Cultural) Environmental

6. ECONOMIC PUSH AND PULL FACTORS Most people migrate for economic reasons. The relative attractiveness of a region can shift with economic change. U.S. and Canada have been prominent destinations for economic migrants.

7. POLITICAL (CULTURAL) PUSH AND PULL FACTORS Forced international migration has historically occurred for two main reasons: Slavery Political instability Refugees Internally displaced person (IDP) Asylum seeker

8. TWENTIETH CENTURY INSTABILITY In the twentieth century, forced international migration increased because of political instability resulting from cultural diversity. Refugees are people who have been forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution. Political conditions can also operate as pull factors, especially the lure of freedom. With the election of democratic governments in Eastern Europe during the 1990s, Western Europe’s political pull has disappeared as a migration factor. However, Western Europe pulls an increasing number of migrants from Eastern Europe for economic reasons.

9. REFUGEES: SOURCES AND DESTINATIONS Fig. 3-1: Major source and destination areas of both international and internal refugees.

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11. ENVIRONMENTAL PUSH AND PULL FACTORS People also migrate for environmental reasons, pulled toward physically attractive regions and pushed from hazardous ones. Attractive environments for migrants include mountains, seasides, and warm climates. Migrants are also pushed from their homes by adverse physical conditions. Water—either too much or too little—poses the most common environmental threat.

12. INTERVENING OBSTACLES Where migrants go is not always their desired destination. They may be blocked by an intervening obstacle. In the past, intervening obstacles were primarily environmental... like mountains and deserts. Bodies of water long have been important intervening obstacles. However, today’s migrant faces intervening obstacles created by local diversity in government and politics.

13. SELECTIVITY Age 18-30 due to life events that change residence Young children whose parents fall within this age range Education Higher level of education → long-distance moves Ties Relatives or friends who have migrated previously (chain migration)

14. SELECTIVITY TRENDS Most long-distance migrants are male. Most long-distance migrants are adult individuals rather than families with children. Most long-distance migrants are young adults seeking work rather than children or elderly people. More males migrated to the U.S. during the nineteenth century and most of the twentieth century. Gender reversed in 1990s when women constituted about 55 percent of U.S. immigrants. Most likely a reflection of the changing role of women in Mexican society. About 40 percent of immigrants in U.S. are young adults between the ages of 25 and 39. Recent immigrants to the U.S. tend to be less educated than U.S. citizens.

15. CONSEQUENCES

16. U.S. IMMIGRATION PATTERNS U.S. has more foreign-born residents than any other country: approximately 43 million as of 2010—growing by 1 million annually. Three main eras of immigration in the U.S. Colonial settlement in seventeenth and eighteenth centuries Mass European immigration in the late 19 th and early twentieth centuries Asian and Latin American integration in the late Twentieth and early twenty-first centuries © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

17. FIRST PEAK OF EUROPEAN IMMIGRATION From 1607... until 1840, a steady stream of Europeans (totaling 2 million) migrated to the American colonies and after 1776... the United States. Ninety percent of European immigrants... prior to 1840 came from Great Britain. During the 1840s and 1850s, the level of immigration... surged. More than 4 million people migrated,... more than twice as many as in the previous 250 years combined.

18. SECOND PEAK OF EUROPEAN IMMIGRATION More than 90 percent of all U.S. immigrants during the 1840s and 1850s came from Northern and Western Europe, including two fifths from Ireland and another one third from Germany. A second peak was reached during the 1880s, where more than a half- million people, more than three-fourths during the late 1880s, came from Northern and Western Europe.

19. THIRD PEAK OF EUROPEAN IMMIGRATION Economic problems in the United States discouraged immigration during the early 1890s, but by the end of the decade the level reached a third peak. During this time, most people came from Italy, Russia, and Austria-Hungary, places that previously had sent few people. The record year was 1907, with 1.3 million. The shift coincided with the diffusion of the Industrial Revolution... to Southern and Eastern Europe.

20. RECENT IMMIGRATION FROM LESS DEVELOPED REGIONS Immigration to the United States dropped sharply in the 1930s and 1940s, during the Great Depression and World War II, then it steadily increased during the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s. It surged during the 1980s and 1990s to historically high levels.

21. MIGRATION FROM ASIA TO THE U.S. Fig. 3-5: Migration in 2001. The largest numbers of migrants from Asia come from India, China, the Philippines, and Vietnam.

22. MIGRATION FROM LATIN AMERICA TO THE U.S. Fig. 3-6: Mexico has been the largest source of migrants to the U.S., but migrants have also come from numerous other Latin American nations.

23. IMPACT OF IMMIGRATION ON THE UNITED STATES The U.S. population has been built up through a combination of emigration from Africa and England primarily during the eighteenth century, from Europe primarily during the nineteenth century, and from Latin America and Asia primarily during the twentieth century. In the twenty-first century, the impact of immigration varies around the country. Massive European migration ended with the start of World War I.

24. ATTITUDES TOWARD IMMIGRANTS Immigration Concerns in the U.S. Most views of immigration by U.S. citizens are ambivalent in nature. Border Patrol They would like more effective border control, but they don’t want to spend more money to solve the issue. Workplace Most recognize that unauthorized immigrants take jobs from U.S. citizens, but they understand most citizens wouldn’t take the jobs so they support a path to U.S. citizenship for these unauthorized immigrants. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

25. ATTITUDES TOWARD IMMIGRANTS Civil Rights U.S. citizens favor letting law enforcement officials stop and verify the legal status of anyone, but they fear civil rights will be infringed upon of U.S. citizens, as a result of racial profiling. Local Initiatives Polls suggest U.S. citizens believe unauthorized immigration is a pressing matter to the nation, but it should only be dealt with at the federal level and not the local level. Many were opposed to Arizona’s 2010 law that obligated foreigners to carry a proof of citizenship with them at all times. More than 100 localities across the nation support additional rights for unauthorized immigrants—such a movement is known as a “Sanctuary City.” © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

27. UNDOCUMENTED IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES Many people who cannot legally enter the United States are now immigrating illegally,... called undocumented immigrants. The U.S. Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services (BCIS) estimate 7 million undocumented immigrants in the U.S., although other estimates are as high as 20 million. The BCIS apprehends more than a million persons annually trying to cross the southern U.S. border. Half of the undocumented residents legally enter the country as students or tourists and then remain after they are supposed to leave.

28. U.S. QUOTA LAWS The era of unrestricted immigration to the United States, ended when Congress passed the Quota Act in 1921 and the National Origins Act in 1924. Quota laws were designed to assure that most immigrants to the United States continued to be Europeans. Quotas for individual countries were eliminated in 1968 and replaced with hemispheric quotas. In 1978 the hemisphere quotas were replaced by a global quota of 290,000, including a maximum of 20,000 per country. The current law has a global quota of 620,000, with no more than 7 percent from one country, but numerous qualifications and exceptions can alter the limit considerably.

29. THE 1986 IMMIGRATION REFORM AND CONTROL ACT The 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act tried to reduce the flow of illegal immigrants. Aliens who could prove that they had lived in the United States continuously between 1982 and 1987 could become permanent resident aliens and apply for U.S. citizenship after 5 years. At the same time, the law discouraged further illegal immigration by making it harder for recent immigrants to get jobs without proper documentation.

30. CONTROLLING MIGRATION More seek admission to the U.S. than is permitted by the quotas, thus preferences are shown toward: Family Reunification About ¾ of immigrants Skilled Workers Approximately ¼ of immigrants Sending countries alleged preference for skilled workers contributes to brain drain- a term for the disproportionate amount of highly skilled and intelligent citizens migrating away from sending countries. Diversity A few immigrants admitted, because their sending country historically has sent very few migrants © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

31. BRAIN DRAIN Other countries charge that by giving preference to skilled workers, U.S. immigration policy now contributes to a brain drain, which is a large-scale emigration by talented people. The average immigrant has received more education than the typical American: nearly one-fourth of all legal immigrants to the United States have attended graduate school, compared to less than one-tenth of native-born Americans.

32. ATTITUDES TOWARD IMMIGRANTS Immigration Concerns in Europe Population growth in Europe is fueled by immigration from other regions of the world, a trend disliked by many Europeans. Biggest fear is that the host country’s culture will be lost, because immigrants: adhere to different religions speak different languages practice different food and other cultural habits Hostility to immigrants has become a central plank of some political parties in many European countries. Immigrants blamed for crime, unemployment rates, and high welfare costs. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

33. GUEST WORKERS IN EUROPE Fig. 3-9: Guest workers emigrate mainly from Eastern Europe and North Africa to work in the wealthier countries of Western Europe.

34. MIGRATION BETWEEN REGIONS IN LARGE COUNTRIES World’s five largest countries in land area are Russia, Canada, China, the U.S., and Brazil. Russia: Interregional migration was encouraged eastward and northward by the government’s decision to locate new factories and to offer economic incentives away from existing population concentrations. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

36. MIGRATION BETWEEN REGIONS IN LARGE COUNTRIES Canada: Shares a similar east to west interregional migration pattern with the U.S. Three westernmost provinces are destinations for interregional migrants. China: Nearly 100 million people have emigrated from rural interior to large urban areas along east coast where manufacturing is prevalent. Brazil: Government moved its capital from Rio De Janeiro to Brasília (600 miles from Atlantic Coast) to encourage migration of Atlantic coast residents to move to the interior. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

40. ATTITUDES TOWARD IMMIGRANTS Europeans as Emigrants Inhospitable climate for immigrants in Europe is especially ironic. Europe was the source of most of the world’s emigrants, during the nineteenth century. Most Europeans fear losing their cultural heritage to that of new immigrants, while: Indo-European languages are now spoken by half of the world, as a result of European emigrants. Christianity has the world’s largest number of adherents. European art, music, literature, philosophy, and ethics have diffused throughout the world. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.