1. The Interwar Years -Totalitarianism- “Society Completely Controlled by the State” 1919 to 1939

2. Totalitarianism – A Troublesome Definition A number of unique forms of government emerged after World War I Were they fundamentally alike or different? –This is a debated point. I will refer to this group of governments as Totalitarian. –We will note both their similarities and differences at the end of the lecture.

3. The Red, Orange, and Brown countries all represent post WWI dictatorships. Then why different colors?

4. Orange represents traditional dictatorships. Conservatives wanted (as always) to maintain the status quo. However, if the people accepted this, they had relative freedom. Similar to Absolutism.

5. Red and Brown are Totalitarian. Something NEW

6. Traditional Dictatorship Versus Totalitarianism One person/small group is in power Political power is not available for peaceful change Desires to remain in power –R–Relies on religion, aristocracy, tradition, army, wealthy to keep it includes all of the things a traditional dictatorship has… + … …desires to control ALL aspects of subjects’ lives –Religion, economics, family, sports, information, etc. …Has the TECHNOLOGY to do so –Post industrial …Seeks to motivate, energize, and mobilize the country towards some great goal

7. Excerpt from George Orwell’s 1984 Q. Why does the book have this title? –A. Imagines totalitarianism in the future –A. Technology will improve in the future, so government control will increase

9. Image of Traditional Dictatorship Versus Totalitarianism Traditional Dictatorship = Gov’t over all aspect of society and maintains its own political power Totalitarianism = Gov’t eliminates all aspects of society to have sole influence on the individual

10. Old Conservative AuthoritarianismTotalitarianism

11. Examples To Support my Definition of Totalitarianism Stalin’s statue to a Soviet Boy Hitler Youth Hitler’s ‘Silent Night’ Mussolini with his red and blue pencils

12. Looking At Totalitarianism’s Place in the Flow Of European History Perhaps since the Renaissance, and at least since the Enlightenment, there had been a political progression towards liberalism along with a faith in the value and worth of the individual and his natural rights –R–Remember, by the time of Bismarck, even conservatives were enacting social reforms to win votes and the more liberal countries like England and the United States were moving towards full democracy and women’s suffrage Totalitarian Leaders explicitly rejected this liberal tradition as weak Armed with Social Darwinism, extreme nationalism, and skewed interpretations of people like Nietzsche and Marx, Totalitarians embraced the good of the community over the good of the individual and embraced violence and praised the ‘fierce will’ of the ‘higher man’ with the nerve to make cold-blooded choices about the proper direction for the greater good of humanity

13. So Why Would Totalitarianism Appear in This Particular Time Period and In Multiple Countries At Once?

14. Reason #A Anger over the Treaty of Versailles

15. A (cont.) Germany has been crushed Italy wasn’t given lands it had been promised for joining the allies Russia wasn’t even invited, since it had been going through a Civil War Totalitarian leaders promise to rebuild their countries’ economies, honor, etc. –Mussolini’s train cars

16. Reason #B Disillusionment with Liberal Tradition Europe has been smashed up and largely destroyed by … Europe has been smashed up and largely destroyed by … Liberal gov’ts Liberal gov’ts maybe government by the people (based on natural law) doesn’t work… maybe government by the people (based on natural law) doesn’t work… Think- Lost Generation Think- Lost Generation Should we try something else? Should we try something else?

17. Reason #C Poverty = Desperation The extreme poverty in Europe after WWI left people desperate for hope. People were willing to give up freedom for security.The extreme poverty in Europe after WWI left people desperate for hope. People were willing to give up freedom for security. FDR “People have grown tired of unemployment and insecurity. Finally, in desperation, they chose to sacrifice liberty in the hope of getting something to eat.”FDR “People have grown tired of unemployment and insecurity. Finally, in desperation, they chose to sacrifice liberty in the hope of getting something to eat.” In 1929, just as some of the European countries began to recover, the Great Depression hit. It was a worldwide depression.In 1929, just as some of the European countries began to recover, the Great Depression hit. It was a worldwide depression.

19. Reason #D Total War conditioned civilians to follow orders –Rationing –Illegal to strike –The Draft –Etc.

20. Reason E Charismatic Leaders Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini were great speakers They used modern technology to get their message out (propaganda) and prevented other messages from getting out (censorship) They promised a better life for their people and often delivered Why would they be able to deliver? Mussolini made the _________ run on time.

21. Propaganda

22. “Adolph Hitler’s Youth Attend Germany’s Schools”

23. “Fuhrer, we will follow you!”

24. "Youth Serves the Führer. All 10-year-olds into the Hitler Youth."

25. Beloved Stalin- the People’s Happiness

27. Reason F Willingness of Totalitarians to Use Fear and Violence –Secret Police Gestapo Mussolini’s “Black Shirts” Stalin, Mussolini, Hitler and Franco all assassinated political rivals Stalin, Mussolini, Hitler and Franco all assassinated political rivals

28. Reason G Power of new technologies –Radio –Television –Telephone lines –More powerful weapons –Transportation Cars, trains, airplanes

29. So Why is There Controversy About the Term ‘Totalitarian’? Red and Brown are not the same Red= Fascist Totalitarianism Brown = Communist Totalitarianism

30. Fascist Versus Communist Totalitarianism Charismatic leader Secret police propaganda and censorship One Party Have a Vision for Society Reject primacy of the individual/democracy Militaristic Hate each other Extremely racist/ nationalistic Eliminate Social Classes Atheistic Gov’t runs the economy