1. Crimean War, 1854-1856 A truly bizarre war Russia versus the Ottoman Empire, Britain, and France British policy: Lord Palmerston – Prevent Russian expansion in the Near East – Use the Ottoman Empire to do it Stratford Canning, British ambassador in Constantinople

2. Map Europe

3. Lord Palmerston (1784-1865) and Stratford Canning (1786-1880)

4. French Policy 1690 Ottomans granted the French Catholic Church the right to have jurisdiction over some holy places By the 19 th century the vast majority of pilgrims were Russian Orthodox Russians got more and more concessions for Orthodox clergy

5. Steps toward war Louis Napoleon (elected president of France 1848, then Emperor Napoleon III in 1852) Tsar Nicholas I 1853 Russian demanded more concessions at the holy places Canning advised the Turks to reject them July 1853 Russians occupied Romania

6. Napoleon III (ruled as emperor 1852-1870) and Nicholas I (1825-1855)

7. Steps toward war 1853 Conference in Vienna to work out a solution October 3, 1853 Turkish ultimatum to Russia November 30, 1853 Battle (?) of Sinope in the Black Sea Napoleon III called on the British to “sweep the Russian flag from the Black Sea” March 1854 Britain and France declared war on Russia

8. Battle of Sinope

9. Where do we fight? Baltic Sea? Black Sea, particularly Romania – Summer 1854 Allied landings at Varna – June 3, 1854 Vienna issued an ultimatum to Russians to evacuate Romania – Russians not there anymore – Austrian army entered Romania

10. Map Europe

11. Map Crimean War

12. How about fighting in the Crimea? If Sebastopol remained in Russian hands, London was doomed September 14, 1854 Allies landed in the Crimea September 1855 Sebastopol fell to the Allies

13. Peace Negotiations in Vienna March 1, 1855 Nicholas died and Alexander II became Tsar December 1855 Austrian ultimatum to the Russians – Free passage of Danube mouth and new agreement for the Straits – Protectorate of all Christians – Neutral Black Sea – Part of Bessarabia back to Turkey

14. Alexander II (ruled 1855-1881)

15. TREATY OF PARIS, MARCH 30, 1856 European (not Russian) guarantees for Christians in Ottoman Empire Neutral passage of Straits, Black Sea, and Danube for all shipping Danube placed under the control of an international commission (still exists) Status of Moldavia and Walachia to be determined by an international conference Ottoman Empire admitted to “Concert of Europe”

16. Map