1. Crimean War (1853- 1856)

2. The Players: Turkish Alliance Ottoman Empire Britain France Russian Side....just Russia

3. CAUSES: FIRST Cause: Russia : Orthodox Christians France: Roman Catholics 1851: Ottoman Sultan signed care of certain holy places in Palestine over to Roman Catholics Russia >:/ SECOND Cause Russia wanted Moldavia & Walachia (Romania) Claimed right to protect Orthodox Christians as pretext to occupy both provinces

4. 1853: Russia places Black Sea fleet on alert at Sevastopol France & Britain dispatch fleets to Dardanelles Russia occupies Moldavia & Wallachia Ottoman Empire declare war on Russia Battle of Sinope: Turkish defeat March 1854: Britain & France enter the War through the Black Sea Battle at Alma River British & French victory Battle at Balaklava Valley of Death

5. The Charge of The Light Brigade 1854 -Lord Alfred Tennyson

6. The Siege of Sevastopol February 1855: Turkish Alliance surrounds Sevastopol Russians retreat to Malakhov Final French attack -> collapse of Sevastopol (Sep. 9 1955) Turkish Alliance too exhausted to pursue conflict 1856: Treaty of Paris Ends the Crimean War

7. Consequences Russia: renounces claims to “protect” Orthodox Christians surrenders territory near Danube River Recognize Black Sea as neutral withdraws from Moldavia & Walachia Start of road to revolution (1917) Shattered Concert of Europe Euro affairs become unstable

8. Continued... Freedom of navigation for merchant ships Opens new markets to French, British, and Austrian goods -> damaging Russian exports 1871 London Conference: Russia repeals the clause on the neutralization of the Black Sea Claims need to protect southern border Reestablishes its Black Sea Fleet in Sevastopol

9. Significance: Beginning of War Journalism First War to be covered my war correspondents and photographers Begins in 1854 when a reporter from London, William Howard Russell (of The Times) is sent to the war front 1855: Roger Fenton travels to Crimea – the world’s first war photographer William Simpson’s sketches of Crimea receives rapid circulation

10. Florence Nightingale

11. Mary Seacole: Black Nightingale 1805: Born in Jamaica Scottish father, Jamaican mother 1854: requested to join Florence’s army of nurses but was turned away Funded her own trip Set up hospitals for the wounded and nursed people on the battlefields, under fire “Mother Seacole” Returned to England in ill health and became less active Died 14 th, May 1881