1. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. PowerPoint ® Lecture Presentations prepared by Leslie Hendon University of Alabama, Birmingham 22 PART 1 The Respiratory System

2. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Respiratory System Basic functions of the respiratory system Supplies body with oxygen Disposes of carbon dioxide Four processes involved in respiration Pulmonary ventilation External respiration Transport of respiratory gases Internal respiration

3. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System Respiratory organs Nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses Pharynx, larynx, and trachea Bronchi and smaller branches Lungs and alveoli

4. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.1 The major respiratory organs. Nasal cavity Nostril Larynx Trachea Carina of trachea Right main (primary) bronchus Right lung Parietal pleura Diaphragm Left lung Alveoli Bronchi Left main (primary) bronchus Pharynx Oral cavity

5. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Organs of the Respiratory System Divided into Conducting zone Respiratory passageways that convey air Filter, humidify, and warm incoming air Respiratory zone Site of gas exchange in the lungs Includes structures that have alveoli

6. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Nose Provides an airway for respiration Moistens and warms air Filters inhaled air Resonating chamber for speech Houses olfactory receptors

7. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Nasal Cavity- Continues with nasopharynx Two types of mucous membrane Olfactory mucosa Near roof of nasal cavity Houses olfactory (smell) receptors Respiratory mucosa Lines nasal cavity Epithelium is pseudostratified ciliated columnar

8. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.3b The upper respiratory tract. Nasopharynx Nasal cavity Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Larynx Illustration Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Sphenoidal sinus Posterior nasal aperture Pharyngeal tonsil Opening of pharyngotympanic tube Palatine tonsil Isthmus of the fauces Esophagus Trachea Thyroid gland Cricoid cartilage Vocal fold Thyroid cartilage Vestibular fold Epiglottis Hyoid bone Lingual tonsil Tongue Soft palate Hard palate Nostril Nasal vestibule Nasal meatuses (superior, middle, and inferior) Nasal conchae (superior, middle, and inferior Frontal sinus Uvula

9. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Pharynx Connects nasal cavity and mouth Divided into three sections by location Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Type of mucosal lining changes along its length

10. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Nasopharynx Superior to the point where food enters Only an air passageway Closed off during swallowing

11. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Oropharynx Epithelium- Stratified squamous epithelium Extends from soft palate to the epiglottis Two types of tonsils in the oropharynx Palatine tonsils Lingual tonsils

12. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Laryngopharynx Passageway for both food and air Epithelium Stratified squamous epithelium Continuous with the esophagus and larynx

13. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Larynx- Continuous with trachea Three functions 1.Voice production 2.Provides an open airway 3.Routes air and food into the proper channels Epithelium of the larynx Stratified squamous—superior portion Pseudostratified ciliated columnar—inferior portion

14. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.5b Anatomy of the larynx. Body of hyoid bone Anterior view Thyroid cartilage Laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple) Cricothyroid ligament Cricoid cartilage Cricotracheal ligament Epiglottis Thyrohyoid membrane Tracheal cartilages

15. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Larynx Vocal ligaments of the larynx Vocal folds (true vocal cords) Act in sound production Rima glottidis—medial opening between vocal folds Glottis—rima glottidis and vocal folds together

16. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Epiglottis Vestibular fold (false vocal cord) Inner lining of trachea Cuneiform cartilage Corniculate cartilage Vocal fold (true vocal cord) Glottis Vocal folds in closed position; closed glottisVocal folds in open position; open glottis

17. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Trachea C-shaped cartilage rings keep airway open Carina Marks where trachea divides into two primary bronchi Epithelium Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

18. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.7 Tissue composition of the tracheal wall. Esophagus Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium Lamina propria (connective tissue) Seromucous gland in submucosa Posterior Anterior Lumen of trachea Mucosa Submucosa Hyaline cartilage Adventitia Cross section of the trachea and esophagus Photomicrograph of the tracheal wall (320  ) Scanning electron micrograph of cilia in the trachea (2500  ) Trachealis Ciliated!!!!

19. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Bronchi in the Conducting Zone Bronchial tree Extensively branching respiratory passageways Primary bronchi (main bronchi) Largest bronchi Right main bronchi Wider and shorter than the left

20. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.8a The bronchi in the conducting zone. Superior lobe of right lung Trachea Superior lobe of left lung Left main (primary) bronchus Lobar (secondary) bronchus Segmental (tertiary) bronchus Inferior lobe of left lung Inferior lobe of right lung Middle lobe of right lung The branching of the bronchial tree

21. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Respiratory Zone Consists of air-exchanging structures Respiratory bronchioles Lead to alveolar ducts  alveolar sacs Alveolar duct Alveoli Alveolar duct Alveolar sac Respiratory bronchioles Terminal bronchiole

22. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Alveoli - ~400 million alveoli account for tremendous surface area (1500 ft 2 ) for gas exchange Structure of alveoli Type I alveolar cells Single layer of simple squamous epithelial cells Type II alveolar cells Are cuboidal epithelial cells Secrete surfactant Reduces surface tension within alveoli Alveolar macrophages Remove tiniest inhaled foreign particles

23. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.10c Alveoli and the respiratory membrane. Red blood cell Nucleus of type I alveolar cell Alveolar pores Capillary Alveolus CO 2 O2O2 Macrophage Endothelial cell nucleus Alveolar epithelium Fused basement membranes of the alveolar epithelium and the capillary endothelium Capillary endothelium Respiratory membrane Alveolus Type I alveolar cell Type II alveolar cell (surfactant-secreting) Red blood cell in capillary Alveoli (gas-filled air spaces) Detailed anatomy of the respiratory membrane

24. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Disorders of Lower Respiratory Structures Bronchial asthma A type of allergic inflammation Hypersensitivity to irritants in the air or to stress Asthma attacks characterized by Contraction of bronchiole smooth muscle Secretion of mucus in airways

25. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Disorders of Lower Respiratory Structures Cystic fibrosis (CF)—inherited disease Exocrine gland function is disrupted Respiratory system affected by Oversecretion of viscous mucus

26. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Disorders of Lower Respiratory Structures Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Airflow into and out of the lungs is difficult Obstructive emphysema Chronic bronchitis History of smoking

27. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.17 The pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Continual bronchial irritation and inflammation Breakdown of elastin in connective tissue of lungs Chronic bronchitis Emphysema Tobacco smoke Air pollution Excess mucus production Chronic productive cough Destruction of alveolar walls Loss of lung elasticity Airway obstruction or air trapping Dyspnea Frequent infections

28. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.18 Alveolar changes in emphysema. SEM of alveoli from a normal lung (25  ) SEM of alveoli from the lung of a patient with emphysema (25  )