1. Unit 5: States of Consciousness

2. Unit 05 - Overview Understanding Consciousness and HypnosisUnderstanding Consciousness and Hypnosis Sleep Patterns and Sleep Theories Sleep Deprivation, Sleep Disorders, and DreamsSleep Deprivation, Sleep Disorders, and Dreams Psychoactive Drugs Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

4. Defining Consciousness = An awareness of ourselves and our environment Includes sleeping, waking and various altered states

5. Defining Consciousness

6. Hypnosis Hypnosis – a social interaction in which one person responds to another persons suggestions that certain perceptions will spontaneously occurHypnosis –Hypnotic induction –Hypnosis as an altered state?

7. Hypnosis Frequently Asked Questions About Hypnosis Can Anyone Experience Hypnosis? –Postural sway –Susceptibility Can Hypnosis Enhance Recall of Forgotten Events? Can Hypnosis Force People to Act Against Their Will?

8. Hypnosis Frequently Asked Questions About Hypnosis Can Hypnosis Be Therapeutic? –Hypnotherapists –Posthypnotic suggestion Can hypnosis alleviate pain?

9. Hypnotic Effects -Hypnosis can reduce pain -Hypnosis has been successfully used to treat obesity -Drug and alcohol addictions have NOT responded well to hypnosis -Hypnosis “refreshed” memories are combined fact and fiction – “false memories”

10. Hypnosis Explaining the Hypnotized State: Hypnosis as a Social Phenomenon Social influence theory – an authoritative person in a legitimate context can induce people hypnotized or not to perform some unlikely acts

11. Hypnosis Explaining the Hypnotized State: Hypnosis as Divided Consciousness Hilgard- “dual processing brain” –Dissociation: some thoughts and behaviors occur simultaneously with others at different levels of consciousnessDissociation PET scans show that hypnosis reduces activity in regions that process pain stimuli but not the sensory cortex

13. Circadian Rhythm Body temperature rises in mornings Body temperature falls dips in early afternoon and again at night Thinking is sharpest when we are at our daily peak in circadian arousal Hypothalamus (suprachiasmatic nucleus) triggers pineal gland to stop secreting melatonin the sleep inducing protein

14. Biological Rhythms and Sleep Circadian Rhythm Circadian rhythm –24 hour cycle –Temperature changes –Circadian rhythm and age Older people are AM “larks” and young people are PM “owls”

15. Sleep… EEGs show that the auditory cortex still responds to sound stimuli during sleep We process most information outside our conscious awareness, both when awake and when we are asleep When people dream of performing some activity, their limbs often move in concert with the dream Sleepwalkers are acting out their dreams

16. Biological Rhythms and Sleep Sleep Stages Sleep- natural loss of consciousnessSleep 90 minute cycles through 4 stages REM Sleep versus NonREM SleepREM Sleep NonREM Sleep

17. Biological Rhythms and Sleep Measureing Sleep Stages

18. Biological Rhythms & Sleep: Sleep Stages

19. Biological Rhythms and Sleep Sleep Stages Parts of sleep –Waking Beta Waves –Waking Alpha Waves –NonREM SleepNonREM Sleep –REM SleepREM Sleep

20. Sleep Stages When you are in bed (eyes closed) - slow alpha waves of awake but relaxed state When you slip into sleep, transition= slowed breathing, irregular brain waves = nonREM-1 sleep

21. Biological Rhythms and Sleep Sleep Stages Parts of sleep –NonREM SleepNonREM Sleep NREM-1(falling asleep) –HallucinationsHallucinations –Hypnagogic sensations NREM-2- relaxed –Sleep Spindles NREM-3 (deep sleep) –Delta wavesDelta waves

22. Biological Rhythms and Sleep Sleep Stages Parts of sleep –REM SleepREM Sleep EEG Patterns Paradoxical Sleep REM Rebound After the 1 st hour of sleep, deep sleep, brain waves are saw-toothed, rapid eye movements, rapid breathing & heart rate; dreams occur here

24. REM Sleep REM sleep occurs after NREM-3 which follows NREM-2. REM sleep DOES not come directly after deep NREM-3 sleep. In a typical night’s sleep, the periods of deep sleep diminish and REM sleep periods increase in duration As people age, overall there are more awakenings and REM sleep diminishes

25. Biological Rhythms and Sleep Sleep Stages: What Affects Our Sleep Patterns? Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) –melatonin

26. Why Do We Sleep? Sleep theories –Sleep protects (in darkness) –Sleeps helps recuperation (neurons) –Restore and rebuild memories –Sleep feeds creative thinking –Sleep supports growth (pituitary gland releases GH during sleep)

28. Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders Effects of Sleep Loss

29. US Navy/NIH studies- volunteers will sleep 14 hours/night x 1 week and then back to 9 hours/night Age and sleep loss Chronic sleep loss leads to depression Springs and fall time changes – more accidents occur at these times

30. Effects of Sleep Loss Makes you fatter Increases ghrelin a hunger arousing hormone and decreases leptin which is hunger suppressing Sleep deprivation increases the stress hormone cortisol which also stimulates the body to make fat Suppresses immune cells leading to infection and cancer

31. Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders Effects of Sleep Loss

33. Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders Effects of Sleep Loss: Major Sleep Disorders Sleep disorders –InsomniaInsomnia –Narcolepsy – REMNarcolepsy Sleep onset; genetic; absence of orexin protein made by hypothalamus

34. Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders Effects of Sleep Loss: Major Sleep Disorders Sleep disorders –Sleep apneaSleep apnea –Night terrorsNight terrors –Sleepwalking/ sleep talking Occur in NREM-3

35. Narcolepsy “Rusty, the Narcoleptic Dog” – narcolepsy (early REM sleep- bred dogs with gene for narcolepsy http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-zVCYdrw- 1o; http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f3R5JZ4Y6 -g http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-zVCYdrw- 1o http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f3R5JZ4Y6 -g http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jTj3a2nH w8k http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jTj3a2nH w8k

36. Dreams What We Dream Dreams = sequence of images, thoughts, emotions passing through the sleeping mindDreams Notable for hallucinatory imagery –Manifest contentManifest content –Latent contentLatent content

37. Dreams Why We Dream To satisfy our own wishes (psychic safety valve) To file away memories: REM sleep is linked to memory on brain scans To develop/preserve neural pathways To make sense of neural static To reflect cognitive development/stimulate neurons –REM rebound when sleep deprivedREM rebound

38. Dreams Why We Dream

41. Tolerance and Addiction Substance Use Disorder Psychoactive Drugs Tolerance Addiction Withdrawal

43. Types of Psychoactive Drugs Three types of psychoactive drugs –DepressantsDepressants –StimulantsStimulants –HallucinogensHallucinogens

44. Types of Psychoactive Drugs Depressants Depressants –Alcohol –Barbiturates (tranquilizers)Barbiturates –OpiatesOpiates

45. Types of Psychoactive Drugs Depressants: Alcohol Disinhibition Slowed neural processing Memory disruption Reduced self-awareness and self- control Expectancy effects – expectations influence behavior

46. Types of Psychoactive Drugs Depressants: Barbiturates and Opiates Barbiturate (tranquilizers)Barbiturate Opiates –Endorphins by brain cease Impair memory and judgment, depress nervous system activity

47. Types of Psychoactive Drugs Stimulants Stimulants –Caffeine –NicotineNicotine –AmphetaminesAmphetamines –Cocaine - crackCocaine –MethamphetamineMethamphetamine –Ecstasy (MDMA)Ecstasy (MDMA)

48. Types of Psychoactive Drugs Stimulants: Nicotine Nicotine –Usage –ToleranceTolerance Highly addictive!

50. Types of Psychoactive Drugs Stimulants: Cocaine Cocaine –Neurotransmitters –Crack

51. Types of Psychoactive Drugs Stimulants: Cocaine

52. Types of Psychoactive Drugs Stimulants: Methamphetamine Methamphetamine –AmphetamineAmphetamine –Dopamine –Effects and Aftereffects

53. Types of Psychoactive Drugs Stimulants: Ecstasy (MDMA) Ecstasy –MDMA (methylenedioxymethamphetamine) –Dopamine and Serotonin –“Club Drug”

54. Types of Psychoactive Drugs Hallucinogens Hallucinogens (psychedelics)Hallucinogens –LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)LSD Acid Near death experienceNear death experience –Marijuana THC

56. Consciousness = an awareness of ourselves and our environment.

57. Hypnosis = a social interaction in which one person (the subject) responds to another person’s (the hypnotist’s) suggestions that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.

58. Posthypnotic Suggestion = a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors.

59. Dissociation = a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others.

60. Circadian Rhythm = the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle.

61. REM Sleep = rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep state during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active.

62. Alpha Waves = the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state.

63. Sleep = periodic, natural loss of consciousness – as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation.

64. Hallucinations = false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.

65. Delta Waves = the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep.

66. NREM Sleep = non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep.

67. Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) = a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm. In response to light, the SCN causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness.

68. Insomnia = recurring problems in falling or staying asleep.

69. Narcolepsy = a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.

70. Sleep Apnea = a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.

71. Night Terrors = a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during NREM-3 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered.

72. Dream = a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer’s delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it.

73. Manifest Content = according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content).

74. Latent Content = according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content).

75. REM Rebound = the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep).

76. Substance Use Disorder = continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk.

77. Psychoactive Drug = a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods.

78. Tolerance = the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect.

79. Addiction = compulsive craving of drugs or certain behaviors (such as gambling) despite known adverse consequences.

80. Withdrawal = the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing an addictive drug or behavior.

81. Depressants = drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions.

82. Alcohol Use Disorder = (popularly known as alcoholism). Alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use.

83. Barbiturates = drugs that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment.

84. Opiates = opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.

85. Stimulants = drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.

86. Amphetamines = drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes.

87. Nicotine = a stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco.

88. Cocaine = a powerful and addictive stimulant, derived from the coca plant, producing temporarily increased alertness and euphoria.

89. Methamphetamine = a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded- up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels.

90. Ecstasy (MDMA) = a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin- producing neurons and to mood and cognition.

91. Hallucinogens = psychedelic (“mind-manifesting”) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.

92. LSD = a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide).

93. Near-Death Experience = an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as by cardiac arrest); often similar to drug- induced hallucinations.

94. THC = the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.