America’s History Seventh Edition

America’s History Seventh Edition
James A. Henretta Rebecca Edwards Robert O. Self America’s History Seventh Edition CHAPTER 13 Expansion, War, and Sectional Crisis Copyright © 2011 by Bedford/St. Martin’s

CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES After you have readt this chapter, you should be able to answer the following questions: 1. How did western expansion become inextricably linked with sectional identity during the 1840s? 2. How and why did southerners change their position on slavery? 3. Why did the United States fight the war with Mexico? What was the larger impact of this war? 4. How and why did divisions within American society during the 1850s bring the Second Party System to an end? 5. What choices were available to Americans in the election of 1860, and why was Abraham Lincoln’s victory significant?

War News from Mexico, 1848 In this painting of men at the “American Hotel,” artist Richard Caton Woodville (1825–1855) captures the public’s hunger for news of the Mexican War, the first foreign conflict since the War of As a journalist in Baltimore, Woodville’s hometown, noted, “People begin to collect every evening, about 5 o’clock at the telegraph and newspaper offices, waiting for extras and despatches.” Note the subordinate placement of African Americans and a woman (in the window at the right edge of the painting). (5.1.1.C)

I. Manifest Destiny: South and North
Push to the Pacific 1. Oregon (5.1.1.A) region claimed by both Britain and U.S., which agreed to allow people of both nations to settle 1840s American interest increased with reports of excellent harbors and fertile soil “Oregon Fever” began Americans headed to the region with wagons, oxen, cattle thousands migrated on the Oregon Trail to settle there and in California 34,000+ died of disease and exposure during the 2,000-mile journey approx. 10,000 migrants settled in the Willamette Valley restricted voting to white men. 2. California Manifest Destiny: South and North (“Ideology of conquest that proclaimed [white Americans’] God-given duty to extend American republicanism and capitalism to the Pacific Ocean.”) Push to the Pacific Oregon – region claimed by both Britain and U.S., which agreed to allow people of both nations to settle; 1840s American interest increased with reports of excellent harbors and fertile soil; “Oregon Fever” began; Americans headed to the region with wagons, oxen, cattle; thousands migrated on the Oregon Trail to settle there and in California; 34,000+ died of disease and exposure during the 2,000-mile journey; approx. 10,000 migrants settled in the Willamette Valley; restricted voting to white men. California – approx. 3,000 migrants settled in California during the 1840s; a province of Mexico; Mexico granted land to the settlers to raise cattle; New England businesses sent agents to the area to buy leather for shoes/boots, and they then married the daughters of elite Mexicans (Californios); Thomas Larkin was one of many agents who did not want to assimilate but instead annex California for the U.S.

I. Manifest Destiny: South and North Push to the Pacific
2. California (5.1.1.C) approx. 3,000 migrants settled in California during the 1840s a province of Mexico Mexico granted land to the settlers to raise cattle New England businesses sent agents to the area to buy leather for shoes/boots, and they then married the daughters of elite Mexicans (Californios) Thomas Larkin was one of many agents who did not want to assimilate but instead annex California for the U.S. Manifest Destiny: South and North (“Ideology of conquest that proclaimed [white Americans’] God-given duty to extend American republicanism and capitalism to the Pacific Ocean.”) Push to the Pacific Oregon – region claimed by both Britain and U.S., which agreed to allow people of both nations to settle; 1840s American interest increased with reports of excellent harbors and fertile soil; “Oregon Fever” began; Americans headed to the region with wagons, oxen, cattle; thousands migrated on the Oregon Trail to settle there and in California; 34,000+ died of disease and exposure during the 2,000-mile journey; approx. 10,000 migrants settled in the Willamette Valley; restricted voting to white men. California – approx. 3,000 migrants settled in California during the 1840s; a province of Mexico; Mexico granted land to the settlers to raise cattle; New England businesses sent agents to the area to buy leather for shoes/boots, and they then married the daughters of elite Mexicans (Californios); Thomas Larkin was one of many agents who did not want to assimilate but instead annex California for the U.S.

William Henry Jackson, California Crossing, South Platte River, detail, 1867
The South Platte River was wide (stretching from the foreground to the low bluff in the middle of the picture) but shallow, allowing relatively easy passage for the migrants’ cattle and covered wagons. During the late spring and early summer, wagon trains often stretched across the Great Plains as far as the eye could see.

Territorial Conflict in Oregon, 1819–1846
As thousands of American settlers poured into the Oregon Country in the early 1840s, British authorities tried to keep them south of the Columbia River. However, the migrants–and fervent midwestern expansionists– asserted that Americans could settle anywhere in the territory, raising the prospect of armed conflict. In 1846, British and American diplomats resolved the dispute by dividing the region at the 49th parallel.

1. Describe the settlement of Oregon City.
(Answer: homes, church, large buildings possibly used for storage of goods, settled on a river.) 2. Notice the four Native Americans standing across the river. In your opinion, why did the British military officer who illustrated this settlement include these people in the drawing? (Answer: they depict the necessity of pushing the native people off the land in order for settlement by Americans to occur; the natives here look across the river at what has become of land that was probably once their home; the river is the frontier or the division between Euro-American notions of civilization and the Native American world that was largely misunderstood by Euro-Americans.)

1. Describe the settlement of Oregon City.
Answer: homes, church, large buildings possibly used for storage of goods, settled on a river 1. Describe the settlement of Oregon City. (Answer: homes, church, large buildings possibly used for storage of goods, settled on a river.) 2. Notice the four Native Americans standing across the river. In your opinion, why did the British military officer who illustrated this settlement include these people in the drawing? (Answer: they depict the necessity of pushing the native people off the land in order for settlement by Americans to occur; the natives here look across the river at what has become of land that was probably once their home; the river is the frontier or the division between Euro-American notions of civilization and the Native American world that was largely misunderstood by Euro-Americans.)

2. Notice the four Native Americans standing across the river
2. Notice the four Native Americans standing across the river. In your opinion, why did the British military officer who illustrated this settlement include these people in the drawing? 1. Describe the settlement of Oregon City. (Answer: homes, church, large buildings possibly used for storage of goods, settled on a river.) 2. Notice the four Native Americans standing across the river. In your opinion, why did the British military officer who illustrated this settlement include these people in the drawing? (Answer: they depict the necessity of pushing the native people off the land in order for settlement by Americans to occur; the natives here look across the river at what has become of land that was probably once their home; the river is the frontier or the division between Euro-American notions of civilization and the Native American world that was largely misunderstood by Euro-Americans.)

2. Notice the four Native Americans standing across the river
2. Notice the four Native Americans standing across the river. In your opinion, why did the British military officer who illustrated this settlement include these people in the drawing? Answer: they depict the necessity of pushing the native people off the land in order for settlement by Americans to occur; the natives here look across the river at what has become of land that was probably once their home; the river is the frontier or the division between Euro-American notions of civilization and the Native American world that was largely misunderstood by Euro-Americans. 1. Describe the settlement of Oregon City. (Answer: homes, church, large buildings possibly used for storage of goods, settled on a river.) 2. Notice the four Native Americans standing across the river. In your opinion, why did the British military officer who illustrated this settlement include these people in the drawing? (Answer: they depict the necessity of pushing the native people off the land in order for settlement by Americans to occur; the natives here look across the river at what has become of land that was probably once their home; the river is the frontier or the division between Euro-American notions of civilization and the Native American world that was largely misunderstood by Euro-Americans.)

The Great Plains (5.1.1.C) By the 1850s, the Mormon, Oregon, and Santa Fe trails ran through “Indian Country,” the semi–arid, buffalo-filled area of the Great Plains west of the 95th meridian, through the Rocky Mountains. Tens of thousands of Americans set out on these trails to found new communities in Utah, Oregon, New Mexico, and California. This mass migration increasingly exposed Indian peoples to American diseases, guns, and manufactures. But their lives were even more significantly affected by U.S. soldiers, and the traders who provided a ready market for Indian horses and mules, dried meat, and buffalo skins.

1. Identify the symbols of westward expansion in John Gast’s American Progress.
(Answer: wagons, trains, men traveling by foot and horseback, stagecoaches, telegraph wires and poles, animals and Native Americans being pushed westward.) 2. How does this painting illustrate the notion of manifest destiny? (Answer: Americans believed it was their God-given destiny to overspread the continent of North America; here an angelic female figure leads the charge and movement westward.) 3. In your opinion, does this painting depict “progress”? Why/why not? (Answer: depending on how one defines progress this question is debatable; from the perspective of Euro-Americans, spreading white culture and institutions westward was progress or improvement for the continent; for Native Americans this “progress” led to the destruction of culture and a way of life that would never be recovered.)

1. Identify the symbols of westward expansion in John Gast’s American Progress.
Answer: wagons, trains, men traveling by foot and horseback, stagecoaches, telegraph wires and poles, animals and Native Americans being pushed westward. 1. Identify the symbols of westward expansion in John Gast’s American Progress. (Answer: wagons, trains, men traveling by foot and horseback, stagecoaches, telegraph wires and poles, animals and Native Americans being pushed westward.) 2. How does this painting illustrate the notion of manifest destiny? (Answer: Americans believed it was their God-given destiny to overspread the continent of North America; here an angelic female figure leads the charge and movement westward.) 3. In your opinion, does this painting depict “progress”? Why/why not? (Answer: depending on how one defines progress this question is debatable; from the perspective of Euro-Americans, spreading white culture and institutions westward was progress or improvement for the continent; for Native Americans this “progress” led to the destruction of culture and a way of life that would never be recovered.)

2. How does this painting illustrate the notion of manifest destiny?
1. Identify the symbols of westward expansion in John Gast’s American Progress. (Answer: wagons, trains, men traveling by foot and horseback, stagecoaches, telegraph wires and poles, animals and Native Americans being pushed westward.) 2. How does this painting illustrate the notion of manifest destiny? (Answer: Americans believed it was their God-given destiny to overspread the continent of North America; here an angelic female figure leads the charge and movement westward.) 3. In your opinion, does this painting depict “progress”? Why/why not? (Answer: depending on how one defines progress this question is debatable; from the perspective of Euro-Americans, spreading white culture and institutions westward was progress or improvement for the continent; for Native Americans this “progress” led to the destruction of culture and a way of life that would never be recovered.)

2. How does this painting illustrate the notion of manifest destiny?
Answer: Americans believed it was their God-given destiny to overspread the continent of North America; here an angelic female figure leads the charge and movement westward.) 1. Identify the symbols of westward expansion in John Gast’s American Progress. (Answer: wagons, trains, men traveling by foot and horseback, stagecoaches, telegraph wires and poles, animals and Native Americans being pushed westward.) 2. How does this painting illustrate the notion of manifest destiny? (Answer: Americans believed it was their God-given destiny to overspread the continent of North America; here an angelic female figure leads the charge and movement westward.) 3. In your opinion, does this painting depict “progress”? Why/why not? (Answer: depending on how one defines progress this question is debatable; from the perspective of Euro-Americans, spreading white culture and institutions westward was progress or improvement for the continent; for Native Americans this “progress” led to the destruction of culture and a way of life that would never be recovered.)

3. In your opinion, does this painting depict “progress”? Why/why not?
1. Identify the symbols of westward expansion in John Gast’s American Progress. (Answer: wagons, trains, men traveling by foot and horseback, stagecoaches, telegraph wires and poles, animals and Native Americans being pushed westward.) 2. How does this painting illustrate the notion of manifest destiny? (Answer: Americans believed it was their God-given destiny to overspread the continent of North America; here an angelic female figure leads the charge and movement westward.) 3. In your opinion, does this painting depict “progress”? Why/why not? (Answer: depending on how one defines progress this question is debatable; from the perspective of Euro-Americans, spreading white culture and institutions westward was progress or improvement for the continent; for Native Americans this “progress” led to the destruction of culture and a way of life that would never be recovered.)

3. In your opinion, does this painting depict “progress”? Why/why not?
Answer: depending on how one defines progress this question is debatable; from the perspective of Euro-Americans, spreading white culture and institutions westward was progress or improvement for the continent; for Native Americans this “progress” led to the destruction of culture and a way of life that would never be recovered. 1. Identify the symbols of westward expansion in John Gast’s American Progress. (Answer: wagons, trains, men traveling by foot and horseback, stagecoaches, telegraph wires and poles, animals and Native Americans being pushed westward.) 2. How does this painting illustrate the notion of manifest destiny? (Answer: Americans believed it was their God-given destiny to overspread the continent of North America; here an angelic female figure leads the charge and movement westward.) 3. In your opinion, does this painting depict “progress”? Why/why not? (Answer: depending on how one defines progress this question is debatable; from the perspective of Euro-Americans, spreading white culture and institutions westward was progress or improvement for the continent; for Native Americans this “progress” led to the destruction of culture and a way of life that would never be recovered.)

I. Manifest Destiny: South and North The Plains Indians
1. The Great Plains (5.1.1.C) grass from Texas north to Saskatchewan, Canada from the Missouri River to the Rocky Mountains home to nomadic people who hunted buffalo tribes included Pawnees, Mandan, Apache, Comanche, Kiowas, Cheyennes, and Araphaos desired European horses, weakened by European diseases smallpox epidemic killed approximately half the Plains Indians others were killed by European weapons. 2. The Sioux Manifest Destiny: South and North (“Ideology of conquest that proclaimed [white Americans’] God-given duty to extend American republicanism and capitalism to the Pacific Ocean.”) The Plains Indians The Great Plains – grass from Texas north to Saskatchewan, Canada; from the Missouri River to the Rocky Mountains; home to nomadic people who hunted buffalo; tribes included Pawnees, Mandan, Apache, Comanche, Kiowas, Cheyennes, and Araphaos; desired European horses, weakened by European diseases; smallpox epidemic killed approximately half the Plains Indians; others were killed by European weapons. The Sioux – traded for guns and ammunition with French, Spanish, Americans; buffalo hunters; nomadic lifestyle enable them to avoid major outbreaks of disease; dominant tribe in the central and northern Plains; became very prosperous selling buffalo hides to American Fur Company and Missouri Fur Company; herds were declining and Sioux did not understand the market system well enough to demand proper prices; by the 1860s the number of buffalo herds had decline significantly. 19

Comanche Meeting the Dragoons, 1830s
In the 1830s, when artist George Catlin accompanied the dragoons of the U.S. Army into Indian Territory, the Comanches were masters of the southern plains. They hunted buffalo, raised horses and mules for sale, and used their skills as horsemen to dominate other Indian peoples and control the passage of Americans along the Santa Fe Trail

The Plains Indians 2. The Sioux
traded for guns and ammunition with French, Spanish, Americans buffalo hunters nomadic lifestyle enable them to avoid major outbreaks of disease dominant tribe in the central and northern Plains became very prosperous selling buffalo hides to American Fur Company and Missouri Fur Company herds were declining and Sioux did not understand the market system well enough to demand proper prices by the 1860s the number of buffalo herds had decline significantly. Manifest Destiny: South and North (“Ideology of conquest that proclaimed [white Americans’] God-given duty to extend American republicanism and capitalism to the Pacific Ocean.”) The Plains Indians The Great Plains – grass from Texas north to Saskatchewan, Canada; from the Missouri River to the Rocky Mountains; home to nomadic people who hunted buffalo; tribes included Pawnees, Mandan, Apache, Comanche, Kiowas, Cheyennes, and Araphaos; desired European horses, weakened by European diseases; smallpox epidemic killed approximately half the Plains Indians; others were killed by European weapons. The Sioux – traded for guns and ammunition with French, Spanish, Americans; buffalo hunters; nomadic lifestyle enable them to avoid major outbreaks of disease; dominant tribe in the central and northern Plains; became very prosperous selling buffalo hides to American Fur Company and Missouri Fur Company; herds were declining and Sioux did not understand the market system well enough to demand proper prices; by the 1860s the number of buffalo herds had decline significantly. 21

2. “Fifty-four forty or fight!”
The Fateful Election of 1844 1. “Oregon Conventions” (5.1.1.B) election significantly altered U.S. policy in the West southerners wanted Texas annexed to keep the British from making gains in North America 1843 Americans in Ohio River Valley and Great Lakes states organized conventions at which Democrats and Whigs called for U.S. control of Oregon Country (region that encompassed part of California and part of Alaska – began at 54°40’ north latitude) southerners renewed called for annexation of Texas. 2. “Fifty-four forty or fight!” Manifest Destiny: South and North The Fateful Election of 1844 “Oregon Conventions” – election significantly altered U.S. policy in the West; southerners wanted Texas annexed to keep the British from making gains in North America; 1843 Americans in Ohio River Valley and Great Lakes states organized conventions at which Democrats and Whigs called for U.S. control of Oregon Country (region that encompassed part of California and part of Alaska – began at 54°40’ north latitude); southerners renewed called for annexation of Texas. “Fifty-four forty or fight!” – 1844 Tyler administration wrote a treaty to annex Texas; Van Buren and Clay (both running for president) opposed because they didn’t want the Senate to undertake debate on slavery; 1844 election then centered on Texas and Oregon; James K. Polk (D-TN) used the campaign slogan “Fifty-four forty or fight” to show his support for claiming all of Oregon to the Alaska border; Polk won; calls for annexation of Texas increased; a joint resolution of Congress brought it into the Union (28th state).

The Fateful Election of 1844 2. “Fifty-four forty or fight!”
1844 Tyler administration wrote a treaty to annex Texas Van Buren and Clay (both running for president) opposed because they didn’t want the Senate to undertake debate on slavery 1844 election then centered on Texas and Oregon James K. Polk (D-TN) used the campaign slogan “Fifty-four forty or fight” to show his support for claiming all of Oregon to the Alaska border Polk won calls for annexation of Texas increased a joint resolution of Congress brought it into the Union (28th state). Manifest Destiny: South and North The Fateful Election of 1844 “Oregon Conventions” – election significantly altered U.S. policy in the West; southerners wanted Texas annexed to keep the British from making gains in North America; 1843 Americans in Ohio River Valley and Great Lakes states organized conventions at which Democrats and Whigs called for U.S. control of Oregon Country (region that encompassed part of California and part of Alaska – began at 54°40’ north latitude); southerners renewed called for annexation of Texas. “Fifty-four forty or fight!” – 1844 Tyler administration wrote a treaty to annex Texas; Van Buren and Clay (both running for president) opposed because they didn’t want the Senate to undertake debate on slavery; 1844 election then centered on Texas and Oregon; James K. Polk (D-TN) used the campaign slogan “Fifty-four forty or fight” to show his support for claiming all of Oregon to the Alaska border; Polk won; calls for annexation of Texas increased; a joint resolution of Congress brought it into the Union (28th state).

Manifest Destiny: South and North 1
Manifest Destiny: South and North 1. What ideas did the term Manifest Destiny reflect? Did it cause historical events, such as the new political support for territorial expansion, or was it merely a description of events?

Manifest Destiny: South and North 1
Manifest Destiny: South and North 1. What ideas did the term Manifest Destiny reflect? Did it cause historical events, such as the new political support for territorial expansion, or was it merely a description of events? • Manifest Destiny reflected the ideas of white American expansion across the North American continent. This ideology of conquest included the God-given duty of white Americans to extend American republicanism and capitalism to the Pacific Ocean. The ideology both reflected and fueled an exaggerated sense of entitlement and confidence that helped to produce subsequent events such as the U.S. Mexican War, the impact of the Gold Rush on California’s indigenous population, and Bleeding Kansas.

2. Which of the peoples native to the Great Plains increased in numbers and in wealth between 1750 and 1860? Why did they flourish while other peoples did not?

2. Which of the peoples native to the Great Plains increased in numbers and in wealth between 1750 and 1860? Why did they flourish while other peoples did not? • Some plains tribes like the Sioux, Crees, and Assiniboines, acquired guns and horses from European traders, enabling them to defend themselves from other tribes, acquire more buffalo as wealth, and flee disease exposure more readily than other less-assimilated and more sedentary tribes. The Sioux kept some sedentary peoples, such as the Arikasas, in subjection and raided others who lacked guns for their crops and horses.

2. American Military Successes army led by Gen. Zachary Taylor
II. War, Expansion, and Slavery, War with Mexico, 1. Polk’s Expansionist Program (5.1.1.C) Texas voted to join Union, Mexico broke off diplomatic relations with U.S. Polk began efforts to gain other northern provinces of Mexico (CA, NM) diplomatic relations broke down Polk sent 2,000 soldiers to occupy disputed lands war began between Mexico and U.S. Polk accepted a negotiated settlement with Britain at 49th parallel in Oregon territory. 2. American Military Successes army led by Gen. Zachary Taylor end of 1846 U.S. controlled most of northeast Mexico secured California early in 1847 fighting continued with U.S. attacking Mexico City, defeated Santa Anna. War, Expansion, and Slavery, War with Mexico, Polk’s Expansionist Program – Texas voted to join Union, Mexico broke off diplomatic relations with U.S.; Polk began efforts to gain other northern provinces of Mexico (CA, NM); diplomatic relations broke down; Polk sent 2,000 soldiers to occupy disputed lands; war began between Mexico and U.S.; Polk accepted a negotiated settlement with Britain at 49th parallel in Oregon territory. American Military Successes – army led by Gen. Zachary Taylor; end of 1846 U.S. controlled most of northeast Mexico; secured California early in 1847; fighting continued with U.S. attacking Mexico City, defeated Santa Anna.

2. American Military Successes army led by Gen. Zachary Taylor
II. War, Expansion, and Slavery, War with Mexico, 2. American Military Successes army led by Gen. Zachary Taylor end of 1846 U.S. controlled most of northeast Mexico secured California early in 1847 fighting continued with U.S. attacking and occupying Mexico City, defeating Santa Anna. War, Expansion, and Slavery, War with Mexico, Polk’s Expansionist Program – Texas voted to join Union, Mexico broke off diplomatic relations with U.S.; Polk began efforts to gain other northern provinces of Mexico (CA, NM); diplomatic relations broke down; Polk sent 2,000 soldiers to occupy disputed lands; war began between Mexico and U.S.; Polk accepted a negotiated settlement with Britain at 49th parallel in Oregon territory. American Military Successes – army led by Gen. Zachary Taylor; end of 1846 U.S. controlled most of northeast Mexico; secured California early in 1847; fighting continued with U.S. attacking Mexico City, defeated Santa Anna. Future President Gen. Zachary Taylor

Street Fighting in the Calle de Iturbide, 1846
Monterrey, which had resisted Spanish troops during Mexico’s war for independence (1820–1821), was captured by the Americans only after bloody house-to-house fighting in the Mexican War (1846–1848). Protected by thick walls and shuttered windows, Mexican defenders pour a withering fire on the dark-uniformed American troops and buckskin-clad frontier fighters. A large Catholic cathedral looms in the background, its foundations obscured by the smoke from the Mexicans’ cannons.

The Mexican War, 1846–1848 After moving west from Fort Leavenworth in present-day Kansas, American forces commanded by Captain John C. Frémont and General Stephen Kearney defeated Mexican armies in California in 1846 and early Simultaneously, U.S. troops under General Zachary Taylor and Colonel Alfred A. Doniphan won victories over General Santa Anna’s forces south of the Rio Grande. In mid-1847, General Winfield Scott mounted a successful seaborne attack on Veracruz and Mexico City, ending the war.

2. Free Soil 3. The Election of 1848
II. War, Expansion, and Slavery, A Divisive Victory 1. The Wilmot Proviso northern Whigs had opposed the war on moral grounds split Democrats across sectional lines Congressman David Wilmot (D-PA) proposed that slavery be prohibited in any territory obtained through the war with Mexico Whigs and anti-slavery Democrats supported Wilmot rejected by Senate expansionist fervor continued, but not without hesitation by some who feared more war Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) U.S. paid Mexico $15 million in return for one-third of its territory agreements were reached on granting land in Oregon. 2. Free Soil 3. The Election of 1848 War, Expansion, and Slavery, A Divisive Victory The Wilmot Proviso – northern Whigs had opposed the war on moral grounds; split Democrats across sectional lines; Congressman David Wilmot (D-PA) proposed that slavery be prohibited in any territory obtained through the war with Mexico; Whigs and anti-slavery Democrats supported Wilmot; rejected by Senate; expansionist fervor continued, but not without hesitation by some who feared more war; Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) U.S. paid Mexico $15 million in return for one-third of its territory; agreements were reached on granting land in Oregon. Free Soil – fears that there was a “slave power conspiracy” growing in the U.S. to spread the institution across North America; northerners started a “free-soil movement” and organized Free-Soil Party; claimed slavery threatened republicanism and Jeffersonian ideals. The Election of 1848 – Polk did not run for re-election; Whigs nominated Gen. Taylor (LA slave owner) who did not support expansion of slavery to the new territories; Taylor won 47% of the popular vote and an electoral majority. 32

The Mexican Cession, 1848 In the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848), Mexico ceded to the United States its vast northern territories–the present-day states of California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and half of Colorado. These new territories, President Polk boasted to Congress, “constitute of themselves a country large enough for a great empire, and the acquisition is second in importance only to that of Louisiana in 1803.”

“This Is the House That Polk Built”
President James Polk’s administration started off with a bang—a long-sought Democratic free-trade tariff, a compromise settlement of the Oregon boundary dispute with Great Britain, and a war to seize California and other Mexican provinces. This ambitious agenda promised fame for the president, but the cartoonist pictures Polk as a worried man, afraid that he has built a house of cards that might collapse at any time

II. War, Expansion, and Slavery, 1846-1850 A Divisive Victory
2. Free Soil (5.2.1.A) fears that there was a “slave power conspiracy” growing in the U.S. to spread the institution across North America northerners started a “free-soil movement” and organized Free-Soil Party claimed slavery threatened republicanism and Jeffersonian ideals. 3. The Election of 1848 Polk did not run for re-election Whigs nominated Gen. Taylor (LA slave owner) who did not support expansion of slavery to the new territories Taylor won 47% of the popular vote and an electoral majority. War, Expansion, and Slavery, A Divisive Victory The Wilmot Proviso – northern Whigs had opposed the war on moral grounds; split Democrats across sectional lines; Congressman David Wilmot (D-PA) proposed that slavery be prohibited in any territory obtained through the war with Mexico; Whigs and anti-slavery Democrats supported Wilmot; rejected by Senate; expansionist fervor continued, but not without hesitation by some who feared more war; Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) U.S. paid Mexico $15 million in return for one-third of its territory; agreements were reached on granting land in Oregon. Free Soil – fears that there was a “slave power conspiracy” growing in the U.S. to spread the institution across North America; northerners started a “free-soil movement” and organized Free-Soil Party; claimed slavery threatened republicanism and Jeffersonian ideals. The Election of 1848 – Polk did not run for re-election; Whigs nominated Gen. Taylor (LA slave owner) who did not support expansion of slavery to the new territories; Taylor won 47% of the popular vote and an electoral majority. 35

II. War, Expansion, and Slavery, 1846-1850 A Divisive Victory
3. The Election of 1848 Polk did not run for re-election Whigs nominated Gen. Taylor (LA slave owner) who did not support expansion of slavery to the new territories (5.2.2.A) Taylor won 47% of the popular vote and an electoral majority. War, Expansion, and Slavery, A Divisive Victory The Wilmot Proviso – northern Whigs had opposed the war on moral grounds; split Democrats across sectional lines; Congressman David Wilmot (D-PA) proposed that slavery be prohibited in any territory obtained through the war with Mexico; Whigs and anti-slavery Democrats supported Wilmot; rejected by Senate; expansionist fervor continued, but not without hesitation by some who feared more war; Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) U.S. paid Mexico $15 million in return for one-third of its territory; agreements were reached on granting land in Oregon. Free Soil – fears that there was a “slave power conspiracy” growing in the U.S. to spread the institution across North America; northerners started a “free-soil movement” and organized Free-Soil Party; claimed slavery threatened republicanism and Jeffersonian ideals. The Election of 1848 – Polk did not run for re-election; Whigs nominated Gen. Taylor (LA slave owner) who did not support expansion of slavery to the new territories; Taylor won 47% of the popular vote and an electoral majority. 36

II. War, Expansion, and Slavery, 1846-1850 C
II. War, Expansion, and Slavery, C. California Gold and Racial Warfare (5.1.1.A) 1. The Forty-Niners 1848 gold discovered in California rush of men, ships, and wagons to the West began – 80,000 men by end of 1849 lived in cramped quarters, gambling, alcohol, prostitution ruthless treatment of Indians, Mexicans, Chileans, Chinese disease killed many many men were disillusioned by failure to find wealth. 2. Racial Warfare and Land Rights War, Expansion, and Slavery, California Gold and Racial Warfare The Forty-Niners – 1848 gold discovered in California; rush of men, ships, and wagons to the West began – 80,000 men by end of 1849; lived in cramped quarters, gambling, alcohol, prostitution; ruthless treatment of Indians, Mexicans, Chileans, Chinese; disease killed many; many men were disillusioned by failure to find wealth. Racial Warfare and Land Rights – Indians received no protection from what little law enforcement existed in California; disease; settlers murdered Indians to take their land; creation of a slave-like trade among whites taking Indians as labor; despite treaties with Mexico, whites wanted to push Californios off their land; many sold the land to whites simply to leave the region; whites who settled in the northern part of California had more success with crops.

California Drinking, 1855 Men–and women–from around the globe joined the California gold rush in search of easy money. This lithograph by Frank Marryat, The Bar of a Gambling Saloon, suggests this geographic diversity by picturing Mexicans, Chinese, and Americans in their national dress. Some patrons drink to their success in the fields or at the gambling tables, while a crowd of men in the adjacent room ogles scantily clad “public women” dancing on a platform

II. War, Expansion, and Slavery, 1846-1850
California Gold and Racial Warfare 2. Racial Warfare and Land Rights Indians received no protection from what little law enforcement existed in California Disease settlers murdered Indians to take their land creation of a slave-like trade among whites taking Indians as labor despite treaties with Mexico, whites wanted to push Californios off their land many sold the land to whites simply to leave the region whites who settled in the northern part of California had more success with crops. War, Expansion, and Slavery, California Gold and Racial Warfare The Forty-Niners – 1848 gold discovered in California; rush of men, ships, and wagons to the West began – 80,000 men by end of 1849; lived in cramped quarters, gambling, alcohol, prostitution; ruthless treatment of Indians, Mexicans, Chileans, Chinese; disease killed many; many men were disillusioned by failure to find wealth. Racial Warfare and Land Rights – Indians received no protection from what little law enforcement existed in California; disease; settlers murdered Indians to take their land; creation of a slave-like trade among whites taking Indians as labor; despite treaties with Mexico, whites wanted to push Californios off their land; many sold the land to whites simply to leave the region; whites who settled in the northern part of California had more success with crops.

The California Gold Rush, 1849–1857
Traveling from all parts of the world–South America, Europe, China, and Australia, as well as the eastern United States–hundreds of thousands of bonanza-seekers converged on the California goldfields. Miners traveling by sea landed at San Francisco, which mushroomed into a substantial city; many other prospectors trekked overland to the goldfields on the Old California Trail. By the mid-1850s, the gold rush was over: Almost as many people were sailing from San Francisco each year as were arriving to seek their fortune.

D : Crisis and Compromise 1. Constitutional Conflict California ratified an antislavery constitution, opening debate for admission to union debate ensued about whether California to be admitted free or slave (5.2.2.A) Sen. Stephen Douglas (D-IL) called for “popular sovereignty” – gave power of choice to the people. Right- “The Little Gianst (Douglas) in the Character of the Gladiator 2. A Complex Compromise Douglas achieved passage of five law “Compromise of 1850”: 1) Fugitive Slave Act, 2) California as a free state, 3) settled boundary dispute between New Mexico and Texas in favor of New Mexico, 4) abolished slave trade in District of Columbia, 5) established New Mexico and Utah with popular sovereignty on the slavery issue. War, Expansion, and Slavery, 1850: Crisis and Compromise Constitutional Conflict – California ratified an antislavery constitution, opening debate for admission to union; debate ensued about whether California to be admitted free or slave; Sen. Stephen Douglas (D-IL) called for “popular sovereignty” – gave power of choice to the people. A Complex Compromise – Douglas achieved passage of five law “Compromise of 1850”: 1) Fugitive Slave Act, 2) California as a free state, 3) settled boundary dispute between New Mexico and Texas in favor of New Mexico, 4) abolished slave trade in District of Columbia, 5) established New Mexico and Utah with popular sovereignty on the slavery issue. 41

D : Crisis and Compromise 2. A Complex Compromise Douglas achieved passage of five law “Compromise of 1850”: (5.2.2.B) 1) Fugitive Slave Act 2) California as a free state 3) settled boundary dispute between New Mexico and Texas in favor of New Mexico 4) abolished slave trade in District of Columbia 5) established New Mexico and Utah with popular sovereignty on the slavery issue. War, Expansion, and Slavery, 1850: Crisis and Compromise Constitutional Conflict – California ratified an antislavery constitution, opening debate for admission to union; debate ensued about whether California to be admitted free or slave; Sen. Stephen Douglas (D-IL) called for “popular sovereignty” – gave power of choice to the people. A Complex Compromise – Douglas achieved passage of five law “Compromise of 1850”: 1) Fugitive Slave Act, 2) California as a free state, 3) settled boundary dispute between New Mexico and Texas in favor of New Mexico, 4) abolished slave trade in District of Columbia, 5) established New Mexico and Utah with popular sovereignty on the slavery issue. 42

Resolving the Crisis of 1850
By 1850, Whig Henry Clay had been in Congress for nearly four decades. Now in partnership with fellow Whig Daniel Webster and Democrat Stephen Douglas, Clay fashioned a complex–and controversial–compromise that preserved the Union. In this engraving, he addresses a crowded Senate chamber, with Webster sitting immediately to his left. Clay addresses his remarks to his prime antagonist, Southern nationalist John C. Calhoun, the man with the long white hair at the far right of the picture.

1. This image of Senators debating in 1850 provides insight into who participated in American politics in the antebellum years and who observed, but did not partake in, the political process. Look closely at this image. What do you see? 1. This image of Senators debating in 1850 provides insight into who participated in American politics in the antebellum years and who observed, but did not partake in, the political process. Look closely at this image. What do you see? (Answer: in the Senate chamber, participating in debate, are white men, well-dressed; observing from the galleys are men and women, all white; the westward spread of slavery was under debate and no black person bears witness to this discussion; neither women or African Americans were legal participants in this process.)

1. This image of Senators debating in 1850 provides insight into who participated in American politics in the antebellum years and who observed, but did not partake in, the political process. Look closely at this image. What do you see? Answer: in the Senate chamber, participating in debate, are white men, well-dressed; observing from the galleys are men and women, all white; the westward spread of slavery was under debate and no black person bears witness to this discussion; neither women or African Americans were legal participants in this process 1. This image of Senators debating in 1850 provides insight into who participated in American politics in the antebellum years and who observed, but did not partake in, the political process. Look closely at this image. What do you see? (Answer: in the Senate chamber, participating in debate, are white men, well-dressed; observing from the galleys are men and women, all white; the westward spread of slavery was under debate and no black person bears witness to this discussion; neither women or African Americans were legal participants in this process.)

The Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854
The contest over the expansion of slavery involved vast territories. The Compromise of 1850 peacefully resolved the status of the Far West: California would be a free state, and settlers in the Utah and New Mexico territories would vote for or against slavery (the doctrine of popular sovereignty). However, the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 voided the Missouri Compromise(1820) and instituted popular sovereignty in those territories. That decision sparked a bitter local war and revealed a fatal flaw in the doctrine.

War, Expansion, and Slavery, 1846–1850
1. Why did President Polk go to war with Mexico? Why did the war become so divisive in Congress and the country? •

War, Expansion, and Slavery, 1846–1850
1. Why did President Polk go to war with Mexico? Why did the war become so divisive in Congress and the country? • Polk went to war with Mexico to obtain Mexican land for capitalist production, to create a continental nation with trading ports near Asia, and to fulfill a Christian and Manifest Destiny ideology. • The war became divisive in Congress initially because of the Wilmot Proviso’s focus on banning slavery from any new territories acquired from Mexico. This act alienated southerners who wanted to extend slavery to new lands as a positive good and to fulfill popular sovereignty.

2. What issues did the Compromise of 1850 resolve
2. What issues did the Compromise of 1850 resolve? Who benefited more from its terms: the North or the South? Why?

2. What issues did the Compromise of 1850 resolve
2. What issues did the Compromise of 1850 resolve? Who benefited more from its terms: the North or the South? Why? • The Compromise of 1850 resolved the issue of whether or not to legally allow slavery in new lands acquired from Mexico. Results included California entering as a free state, a new Fugitive Slave Act, abolishing the slave trade (but not slavery) in the District of Columbia, organizing the remaining lands acquired from Mexico into the territories of New Mexico and Utah, and leaving the decision to allow or prohibit slavery to the local population (popular sovereignty). • The South benefited more because slavery remained legal in the nation’s capital, the federal government would increase its use of force to return escaped slaves to their white masters, and the remaining lands taken from Mexico could decide for themselves if they wanted slavery. The North, however, could claim that it had put limitations on slavery, indicating a slow death to the institution over time.

The Political System in Decline 1. The Election of 1852
III. The End of the Second Party System, Resistance to the Fugitive Slave Act 1. Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 most controversial piece of Compromise federal judges in the North were to determine the status of alleged fugitive slaves no jury trial, no right to testify for blacks northerners almost immediately resented the sight of slave catchers in their states abolitionists assisted runaways. 2. Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) The Political System in Decline 1. The Election of 1852 2. President Pierce The End of the Second Party System, Resistance to the Fugitive Slave Act Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 – most controversial piece of Compromise; federal judges in the North were to determine the status of alleged fugitive slaves; no jury trial, no right to testify for blacks; northerners almost immediately resented the sight of slave catchers in their states; abolitionists assisted runaways. Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) – aided opposition to the Fugitive Slave Act; increased the northern public’s outrage to slavery on moral grounds; sold millions of copies and increased antislavery action in Britain; northerners called for “personal-liberty laws” to enhance their rights, including the rights of fugitives in free states; Supreme Court ruled, Ableman v. Booth, that the act violated states’ rights. The Political System in Decline The Election of 1852 – both major parties split over slavery; Democrats nominated Franklin Pierce (NH) because he was sympathetic to the South; won easily; Whigs never waged another national campaign. President Pierce – expansionist foreign policy; Gadsden Purchase of 1853 to begin a transcontinental rail line from New Orleans to California; supported covert military expeditions to Cuba and Nicaragua; criticized for aggressive diplomacy.

III. The End of the Second Party System, 1850-1858
Resistance to the Fugitive Slave Act Harriet Beecher Stowe’s “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” (1852) aided opposition to the Fugitive Slave Act increased the northern public’s outrage to slavery on moral grounds sold millions of copies and increased antislavery action in Britain northerners called for “personal-liberty laws” to enhance their rights, including the rights of fugitives in free states Supreme Court ruled, Ableman v. Booth, that the act violated states’ rights. The Political System in Decline 1. The Election of 1852 2. President Pierce The End of the Second Party System, Resistance to the Fugitive Slave Act Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 – most controversial piece of Compromise; federal judges in the North were to determine the status of alleged fugitive slaves; no jury trial, no right to testify for blacks; northerners almost immediately resented the sight of slave catchers in their states; abolitionists assisted runaways. Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) – aided opposition to the Fugitive Slave Act; increased the northern public’s outrage to slavery on moral grounds; sold millions of copies and increased antislavery action in Britain; northerners called for “personal-liberty laws” to enhance their rights, including the rights of fugitives in free states; Supreme Court ruled, Ableman v. Booth, that the act violated states’ rights. The Political System in Decline The Election of 1852 – both major parties split over slavery; Democrats nominated Franklin Pierce (NH) because he was sympathetic to the South; won easily; Whigs never waged another national campaign. President Pierce – expansionist foreign policy; Gadsden Purchase of 1853 to begin a transcontinental rail line from New Orleans to California; supported covert military expeditions to Cuba and Nicaragua; criticized for aggressive diplomacy.

III. The End of the Second Party System, 1850-1858
B. The Political System in Decline 1. The Election of 1852 both major parties split over slavery (5.2.2.C) Democrats nominated Franklin Pierce (NH) because he was sympathetic to the South won easily Whigs never waged another national campaign. 2. President Pierce expansionist foreign policy Gadsden Purchase of 1853 to begin a transcontinental rail line from New Orleans to California supported covert military expeditions to Cuba and Nicaragua criticized for aggressive diplomacy. The End of the Second Party System, Resistance to the Fugitive Slave Act Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 – most controversial piece of Compromise; federal judges in the North were to determine the status of alleged fugitive slaves; no jury trial, no right to testify for blacks; northerners almost immediately resented the sight of slave catchers in their states; abolitionists assisted runaways. Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) – aided opposition to the Fugitive Slave Act; increased the northern public’s outrage to slavery on moral grounds; sold millions of copies and increased antislavery action in Britain; northerners called for “personal-liberty laws” to enhance their rights, including the rights of fugitives in free states; Supreme Court ruled, Ableman v. Booth, that the act violated states’ rights. The Political System in Decline The Election of 1852 – both major parties split over slavery; Democrats nominated Franklin Pierce (NH) because he was sympathetic to the South; won easily; Whigs never waged another national campaign. President Pierce – expansionist foreign policy; Gadsden Purchase of 1853 to begin a transcontinental rail line from New Orleans to California; supported covert military expeditions to Cuba and Nicaragua; criticized for aggressive diplomacy.

(The Act repealed the Missouri Compromise, formed the Kansas and Nebraska territories, and organized region on basis of popular sovereignty.) 1. The American and Republican Parties northern Whigs and “anti-Nebraska” Democrats joined Free-Soilers and abolitionists in the “Republican Party” (5.2.2.C) party leadership staunchly antislavery (degraded manual labor and drove down wages or free whites) advocated republican liberty and individual enterprise competition from American or “Know-Nothing” Party (anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic). 2. Bleeding Kansas Buchanan’s Failed Presidency 1. The Election of 1856 2. Dred Scott: Petitioner for Freedom III. The End of the Second Party System, C. The Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Rise of New Parties The End of the Second Party System, The Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Rise of New Parties (The Act repealed the Missouri Compromise, formed the Kansas and Nebraska territories, and organized region on basis of popular sovereignty.) The American and Republican Party – northern Whigs and “anti-Nebraska” Democrats joined Free-Soilers and abolitionists in the “Republican Party”; party leadership staunchly antislavery (degraded manual labor and drove down wages or free whites); advocated republican liberty and individual enterprise; competition from American or “Know-Nothing” Party (anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic). Bleeding Kansas – thousands migrated to Kansas to settle, supporting both sides of the political debate; Missouri residents crossed the border to elect a proslavery government; most Kansas residents supported free soil; violence erupted; John Brown, abolitionist, led a militia which murdered five proslavery settlers; guerrilla war began. Buchanan’s Failed Presidency The Election of 1856 – Republicans denounced Kansas-Nebraska Act and nominated John Frémont (free-soiler); American Party split over slavery; James Buchanan (D-PA) won a three-way race; Democrats now the only national party; Republicans split over sectional issues. Dred Scott: Petitioner for Freedom – 1856 Dred Scott had lived with his master in Illinois and Wisconsin territory where slavery was prohibited; argued that he was free as a result; 7/9 judges declared that Scott was still a slave but disagreed on the legal rationale; Judge Taney (slave owner from MD) argued that since slaves were not citizens they had no right to sue in federal court, that Congress could not prevent a person from taking his property into new territories, that the Northwest Ordinance and Missouri Compromise were not constitutional, that Congress could not give to territorial governments any powers that it did not possess; Republicans accused Taney and Buchanan of being part of the Slave Power Conspiracy; Buchanan recommended Kansas be admitted as a slave state and resumed negotiations to buy Cuba.

(The Act repealed the Missouri Compromise, formed the Kansas and Nebraska territories, and organized region on basis of popular sovereignty.) 1. The American and Republican Parties competition from American or “Know-Nothing” Party (anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic). (5.1.2.B) 2. Bleeding Kansas Buchanan’s Failed Presidency 1. The Election of 1856 2. Dred Scott: Petitioner for Freedom III. The End of the Second Party System, C. The Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Rise of New Parties The End of the Second Party System, The Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Rise of New Parties (The Act repealed the Missouri Compromise, formed the Kansas and Nebraska territories, and organized region on basis of popular sovereignty.) The American and Republican Party – northern Whigs and “anti-Nebraska” Democrats joined Free-Soilers and abolitionists in the “Republican Party”; party leadership staunchly antislavery (degraded manual labor and drove down wages or free whites); advocated republican liberty and individual enterprise; competition from American or “Know-Nothing” Party (anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic). Bleeding Kansas – thousands migrated to Kansas to settle, supporting both sides of the political debate; Missouri residents crossed the border to elect a proslavery government; most Kansas residents supported free soil; violence erupted; John Brown, abolitionist, led a militia which murdered five proslavery settlers; guerrilla war began. Buchanan’s Failed Presidency The Election of 1856 – Republicans denounced Kansas-Nebraska Act and nominated John Frémont (free-soiler); American Party split over slavery; James Buchanan (D-PA) won a three-way race; Democrats now the only national party; Republicans split over sectional issues. Dred Scott: Petitioner for Freedom – 1856 Dred Scott had lived with his master in Illinois and Wisconsin territory where slavery was prohibited; argued that he was free as a result; 7/9 judges declared that Scott was still a slave but disagreed on the legal rationale; Judge Taney (slave owner from MD) argued that since slaves were not citizens they had no right to sue in federal court, that Congress could not prevent a person from taking his property into new territories, that the Northwest Ordinance and Missouri Compromise were not constitutional, that Congress could not give to territorial governments any powers that it did not possess; Republicans accused Taney and Buchanan of being part of the Slave Power Conspiracy; Buchanan recommended Kansas be admitted as a slave state and resumed negotiations to buy Cuba.

An Excursion of the New York Turners, 1854
Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, a Prussian educator and nationalist, founded the Turner (or gymnastics) movement in Intended to develop moral character and patriotic élan as well as physical strength among German men, Turner societies advocated public schooling, free speech, and political democracy. Brought to the United States by German refugees from the failed democratic Revolution of 1848, the Turner movement preserved German culture and served as a home for German abolitionists and reformers. Here, some Turners display their physical fitness while others discuss politics, sing German songs, and drink beer.

Buchanan’s Failed Presidency 1. The Election of 1856
The Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Rise of New Parties 2. Bleeding Kansas thousands migrated to Kansas to settle, supporting both sides of the political debate Missouri residents crossed the border to elect a proslavery government most Kansas residents supported free soil violence erupted John Brown, abolitionist, led a militia which murdered five proslavery settlers (5.2.1.B) guerrilla war began. Buchanan’s Failed Presidency 1. The Election of 1856 2. Dred Scott: Petitioner for Freedom The End of the Second Party System, The Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Rise of New Parties (The Act repealed the Missouri Compromise, formed the Kansas and Nebraska territories, and organized region on basis of popular sovereignty.) The American and Republican Party – northern Whigs and “anti-Nebraska” Democrats joined Free-Soilers and abolitionists in the “Republican Party”; party leadership staunchly antislavery (degraded manual labor and drove down wages or free whites); advocated republican liberty and individual enterprise; competition from American or “Know-Nothing” Party (anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic). Bleeding Kansas – thousands migrated to Kansas to settle, supporting both sides of the political debate; Missouri residents crossed the border to elect a proslavery government; most Kansas residents supported free soil; violence erupted; John Brown, abolitionist, led a militia which murdered five proslavery settlers; guerrilla war began. Buchanan’s Failed Presidency The Election of 1856 – Republicans denounced Kansas-Nebraska Act and nominated John Frémont (free-soiler); American Party split over slavery; James Buchanan (D-PA) won a three-way race; Democrats now the only national party; Republicans split over sectional issues. Dred Scott: Petitioner for Freedom – 1856 Dred Scott had lived with his master in Illinois and Wisconsin territory where slavery was prohibited; argued that he was free as a result; 7/9 judges declared that Scott was still a slave but disagreed on the legal rationale; Judge Taney (slave owner from MD) argued that since slaves were not citizens they had no right to sue in federal court, that Congress could not prevent a person from taking his property into new territories, that the Northwest Ordinance and Missouri Compromise were not constitutional, that Congress could not give to territorial governments any powers that it did not possess; Republicans accused Taney and Buchanan of being part of the Slave Power Conspiracy; Buchanan recommended Kansas be admitted as a slave state and resumed negotiations to buy Cuba.

Armed Abolitionists in Kansas, 1859
The confrontation between North and South in Kansas took many forms. In the spring of 1859, Dr. John Doy (seated) slipped across the border into Missouri and tried to lead thirteen escaped slaves to freedom in Kansas, only to be captured and jailed in St. Joseph, Missouri. The serious-looking men standing behind Doy, well armed with guns and Bowie knives, attacked the jail and carried Doy back to Kansas. The photograph celebrated–and memorialized–their successful exploit.

Buchanan’s Failed Presidency 1. The Election of 1856
Republicans denounced Kansas-Nebraska Act and nominated John Frémont (free-soiler) American Party split over slavery James Buchanan (D-PA) won a three-way race Democrats now the only national party Republicans split over sectional issues. The End of the Second Party System, The Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Rise of New Parties (The Act repealed the Missouri Compromise, formed the Kansas and Nebraska territories, and organized region on basis of popular sovereignty.) The American and Republican Party – northern Whigs and “anti-Nebraska” Democrats joined Free-Soilers and abolitionists in the “Republican Party”; party leadership staunchly antislavery (degraded manual labor and drove down wages or free whites); advocated republican liberty and individual enterprise; competition from American or “Know-Nothing” Party (anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic). Bleeding Kansas – thousands migrated to Kansas to settle, supporting both sides of the political debate; Missouri residents crossed the border to elect a proslavery government; most Kansas residents supported free soil; violence erupted; John Brown, abolitionist, led a militia which murdered five proslavery settlers; guerrilla war began. Buchanan’s Failed Presidency The Election of 1856 – Republicans denounced Kansas-Nebraska Act and nominated John Frémont (free-soiler); American Party split over slavery; James Buchanan (D-PA) won a three-way race; Democrats now the only national party; Republicans split over sectional issues. Dred Scott: Petitioner for Freedom – 1856 Dred Scott had lived with his master in Illinois and Wisconsin territory where slavery was prohibited; argued that he was free as a result; 7/9 judges declared that Scott was still a slave but disagreed on the legal rationale; Judge Taney (slave owner from MD) argued that since slaves were not citizens they had no right to sue in federal court, that Congress could not prevent a person from taking his property into new territories, that the Northwest Ordinance and Missouri Compromise were not constitutional, that Congress could not give to territorial governments any powers that it did not possess; Republicans accused Taney and Buchanan of being part of the Slave Power Conspiracy; Buchanan recommended Kansas be admitted as a slave state and resumed negotiations to buy Cuba.

Buchanan’s Failed Presidency
2. Dred Scott: Petitioner for Freedom (5.2.2.B) 1856 Dred Scott had lived with his master in Illinois and Wisconsin territory where slavery was prohibited argued that he was free as a result 7/9 judges declared that Scott was still a slave but disagreed on the legal rationale Judge Taney (slave owner from MD) argued: that since slaves were not citizens they had no right to sue in federal court that Congress could not prevent a person from taking his property into new territories that the Northwest Ordinance and Missouri Compromise were not constitutional that Congress could not give to territorial governments any powers that it did not possess Republicans accused Taney and Buchanan of being part of the Slave Power Conspiracy Buchanan recommended Kansas be admitted as a slave state and resumed negotiations to buy Cuba. The End of the Second Party System, The Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Rise of New Parties (The Act repealed the Missouri Compromise, formed the Kansas and Nebraska territories, and organized region on basis of popular sovereignty.) The American and Republican Party – northern Whigs and “anti-Nebraska” Democrats joined Free-Soilers and abolitionists in the “Republican Party”; party leadership staunchly antislavery (degraded manual labor and drove down wages or free whites); advocated republican liberty and individual enterprise; competition from American or “Know-Nothing” Party (anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic). Bleeding Kansas – thousands migrated to Kansas to settle, supporting both sides of the political debate; Missouri residents crossed the border to elect a proslavery government; most Kansas residents supported free soil; violence erupted; John Brown, abolitionist, led a militia which murdered five proslavery settlers; guerrilla war began. Buchanan’s Failed Presidency The Election of 1856 – Republicans denounced Kansas-Nebraska Act and nominated John Frémont (free-soiler); American Party split over slavery; James Buchanan (D-PA) won a three-way race; Democrats now the only national party; Republicans split over sectional issues. Dred Scott: Petitioner for Freedom – 1856 Dred Scott had lived with his master in Illinois and Wisconsin territory where slavery was prohibited; argued that he was free as a result; 7/9 judges declared that Scott was still a slave but disagreed on the legal rationale; Judge Taney (slave owner from MD) argued that since slaves were not citizens they had no right to sue in federal court, that Congress could not prevent a person from taking his property into new territories, that the Northwest Ordinance and Missouri Compromise were not constitutional, that Congress could not give to territorial governments any powers that it did not possess; Republicans accused Taney and Buchanan of being part of the Slave Power Conspiracy; Buchanan recommended Kansas be admitted as a slave state and resumed negotiations to buy Cuba.

The End of the Second Party System, 1850–1858 (pp. 406–414) 1
The End of the Second Party System, 1850–1858 (pp. 406–414) 1. Why did the Compromise of 1850 fail? Would it have succeeded if the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 either had not been enacted or had contained different provisions?

The End of the Second Party System, 1850–1858 (pp. 406–414) 1
The End of the Second Party System, 1850–1858 (pp. 406–414) 1. Why did the Compromise of 1850 fail? Would it have succeeded if the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 either had not been enacted or had contained different provisions? • The Compromise failed because antislavery northerners refused to accept its provision for returning fugitive slaves and slavery’s erosion of free labor in the west. Proslavery southerners also plotted to extend slavery into the West, the Caribbean, and Central America. The Second Party system was unable to contain the debate, further destabilizing the compromise. Resulting disputes in the early 1850s doomed the fragile agreement. So did Stowe’s 1852 book, Uncle Tom’s Cabin. If the Kansas-Nebraska Act had not contained a provision for popular sovereignty, perhaps the destruction of the Second Party System and the eruption of Bleeding Kansas would not have occurred in 1855, and Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry in 1859 and the Civil War the following year as well. • The main constitutional arguments were as follows: states have the right to secede from the Union; Congress has no right to regulate slavery in the territories; extend the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific Ocean; follow squatter or popular sovereignty; and Congress should restrict slavery within its existing boundaries and then extinguish it completely. • Taney argued that Congress and territorial governments had no authority to prohibit slavery in a territory, and that slave owners could take their property into a territory and own it. Taney endorsed the principle of popular sovereignty: settlers could write a constitution, request state-hood, and then decide if slavery would be legal.

Political Realignment, 1848 and 1860
In the presidential election of 1848, both the Whig and the Democratic candidates won electoral votes throughout the nation. Subsequently, the political conflict over slavery and the Compromise of 1850 destroyed the Whig Party in the South. As the only nationwide party, the Democrats won easily over the Whigs in 1852 and, because of the split between Republicans and Know-Nothings, triumphed in 1856 as well.

Political Realignment, 1848 and 1860
However, a new regional-based party system had taken shape by 1860 and would persist for the next seventy years–with Democrats dominant in the South and Republicans usually controlling the Northeast, Midwest, and Far West.

IV. Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Triumph, 1858-1860
Lincoln’s Political Career 1. An Ambitious Politician born in Kentucky, lived in Indiana and Illinois store clerk, read Shakespeare, studied law volatile relationship with wife, Mary joined the Whig Party elected to Congress in 1846 opposed the spread of slavery, advocated gradual emancipation and colonization of freed blacks in Africa viewed as moderate lost reelection bid. 2. The Lincoln-Douglas Debates The Union under Siege 1. The Rise of Radicalism 2. The Election of 1860 Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Triumph, Lincoln’s Political Career An Ambitious Politician – born in Kentucky, lived in Indiana and Illinois; store clerk, read Shakespeare, studied law; volatile relationship with wife, Mary; joined the Whig Party; elected to Congress in 1846; opposed the spread of slavery, advocated gradual emancipation and colonization of freed blacks in Africa; viewed as moderate; lost reelection bid. The Lincoln-Douglas Debates – leader of the Republican Party in Illinois; ran against Douglas for Senate in 1858; famous “House Divided” speech about slavery dividing the nation; seven debates; Douglas supported white supremacy; Lincoln advocated economic opportunity for black Americans but not political rights; Douglas won. The Union under Siege The Rise of Radicalism – southern Democrats divided in 1858 into moderates (Southern Rights, protection for slavery) and fire-eaters (in favor of secession); Oct John Brown led a raid on Harpers Ferry, VA, federal arsenal to arm slaves and start a rebellion; Republicans condemned Brown, Democrats blamed his actions on the Republicans; northern and southern Democrats split at party’s convention. The Election of 1860 – Republicans chose Lincoln as candidate; argued for a free-soil platform; opposed slavery and racial equality.

Abraham Lincoln, 1859 Lincoln was not a handsome man, and he photographed poorly. His campaign photographs were often retouched to hide his prominent cheekbones and nose. More important, no photograph ever captured Lincoln’s complex personality and wit or the intensity of his spirit and intellect. To grasp Lincoln, it is necessary to read his words.

Lincoln’s Political Career 2. The Lincoln-Douglas Debates
leader of the Republican Party in Illinois ran against Douglas for Senate in 1858 Lincoln’s famous “House Divided” speech about slavery dividing the nation seven debates Douglas supported white supremacy Lincoln advocated economic opportunity for black Americans but not political rights Douglas won. The Union under Siege 1. The Rise of Radicalism 2. The Election of 1860 Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Triumph, Lincoln’s Political Career An Ambitious Politician – born in Kentucky, lived in Indiana and Illinois; store clerk, read Shakespeare, studied law; volatile relationship with wife, Mary; joined the Whig Party; elected to Congress in 1846; opposed the spread of slavery, advocated gradual emancipation and colonization of freed blacks in Africa; viewed as moderate; lost reelection bid. The Lincoln-Douglas Debates – leader of the Republican Party in Illinois; ran against Douglas for Senate in 1858; famous “House Divided” speech about slavery dividing the nation; seven debates; Douglas supported white supremacy; Lincoln advocated economic opportunity for black Americans but not political rights; Douglas won. The Union under Siege The Rise of Radicalism – southern Democrats divided in 1858 into moderates (Southern Rights, protection for slavery) and fire-eaters (in favor of secession); Oct John Brown led a raid on Harpers Ferry, VA, federal arsenal to arm slaves and start a rebellion; Republicans condemned Brown, Democrats blamed his actions on the Republicans; northern and southern Democrats split at party’s convention. The Election of 1860 – Republicans chose Lincoln as candidate; argued for a free-soil platform; opposed slavery and racial equality.

northern and southern Democrats split at party’s convention.
B. The Union under Siege 1. The Rise of Radicalism southern Democrats divided in 1858 into moderates (Southern Rights, protection for slavery) and fire-eaters (in favor of secession) Oct John Brown led a raid on Harpers Ferry, VA, federal arsenal to arm slaves and start a rebellion (5.2.1.B) Republicans condemned Brown, Democrats blamed his actions on the Republicans northern and southern Democrats split at party’s convention. 2. The Election of 1860 Republicans chose Lincoln as candidate argued for a free-soil platform opposed slavery and racial equality. Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Triumph, Lincoln’s Political Career An Ambitious Politician – born in Kentucky, lived in Indiana and Illinois; store clerk, read Shakespeare, studied law; volatile relationship with wife, Mary; joined the Whig Party; elected to Congress in 1846; opposed the spread of slavery, advocated gradual emancipation and colonization of freed blacks in Africa; viewed as moderate; lost reelection bid. The Lincoln-Douglas Debates – leader of the Republican Party in Illinois; ran against Douglas for Senate in 1858; famous “House Divided” speech about slavery dividing the nation; seven debates; Douglas supported white supremacy; Lincoln advocated economic opportunity for black Americans but not political rights; Douglas won. The Union under Siege The Rise of Radicalism – southern Democrats divided in 1858 into moderates (Southern Rights, protection for slavery) and fire-eaters (in favor of secession); Oct John Brown led a raid on Harpers Ferry, VA, federal arsenal to arm slaves and start a rebellion; Republicans condemned Brown, Democrats blamed his actions on the Republicans; northern and southern Democrats split at party’s convention. The Election of 1860 – Republicans chose Lincoln as candidate; argued for a free-soil platform; opposed slavery and racial equality.

Republicans chose Lincoln as candidate
B. The Union under Siege 2. The Election of 1860 Republicans chose Lincoln as candidate argued for a free-soil platform opposed slavery and racial equality. Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Triumph, Lincoln’s Political Career An Ambitious Politician – born in Kentucky, lived in Indiana and Illinois; store clerk, read Shakespeare, studied law; volatile relationship with wife, Mary; joined the Whig Party; elected to Congress in 1846; opposed the spread of slavery, advocated gradual emancipation and colonization of freed blacks in Africa; viewed as moderate; lost reelection bid. The Lincoln-Douglas Debates – leader of the Republican Party in Illinois; ran against Douglas for Senate in 1858; famous “House Divided” speech about slavery dividing the nation; seven debates; Douglas supported white supremacy; Lincoln advocated economic opportunity for black Americans but not political rights; Douglas won. The Union under Siege The Rise of Radicalism – southern Democrats divided in 1858 into moderates (Southern Rights, protection for slavery) and fire-eaters (in favor of secession); Oct John Brown led a raid on Harpers Ferry, VA, federal arsenal to arm slaves and start a rebellion; Republicans condemned Brown, Democrats blamed his actions on the Republicans; northern and southern Democrats split at party’s convention. The Election of 1860 – Republicans chose Lincoln as candidate; argued for a free-soil platform; opposed slavery and racial equality.

Lincoln on Home Base As early as 1860, the language and imagery of sports had penetrated politics. Sporting a long, rail-like bat labeled “EQUAL RIGHTS AND FREE TERRITORY,” Abraham Lincoln appears ready to score a victory in the election. His three opponents–from left to right, John Bell (the candidate of a new Constitutional Union party), Stephen A. Douglas, and John C. Breckinridge–will soon be “out.” Indeed, according to the pro-Lincoln cartoonist, they were about to be “skunk’d.” As Douglas laments, their attempt to put a “short stop” to Lincoln’s presidential ambitions had failed. WORDS MAGNIFIED ON NEXT PAGE FOR CLARITY

Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Triumph, 1858–1860 1
Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Triumph, 1858– What was Lincoln’s position on slavery during the 1850s? Did it differ from that of Stephen Douglas? Explain your answer.

Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Triumph, 1858–1860 1
Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Triumph, 1858– What was Lincoln’s position on slavery during the 1850s? Did it differ from that of Stephen Douglas? Explain your answer. • Lincoln believed human bondage unjust but doubted that the federal government had the constitutional authority to tamper with slavery in the South. Lincoln did not want to see slavery expand into the western territories. He also introduced legislation that would require the gradual emancipation of slaves in the District of Columbia. He also advocated firm opposition to the colonization of freed blacks in Africa. His middle-of-the-road policies, however, did not help him win elections. • Douglas believed that popular sovereignty should decide the issue of slavery in the territories. Douglas supported white supremacy and the inevitability of slavery in the territories. As a compromise measure, Douglas advocated the Freeport Doctrine: that a territory’s residents could exclude slavery by not adopting laws to protect it, a position that pleased neither side. • In many ways, their positions did not differ except on the issue of slavery’s expansion to the western territories. Both believed in white supremacy, the existence of slavery in the South, and the concept of majority political rule.

2. What was the relationship between the collapse of the Second Party System of Whigs and Democrats and the Republican victory in the election of 1860?

2. What was the relationship between the collapse of the Second Party System of Whigs and Democrats and the Republican victory in the election of 1860? • The collapse of the Second Party System created a vacuum in which the Republican Party grew in popularity. Without the collapse of the system and the hopeless divisions between Whigs and Democrats, the third party splinter Republicans could never have amassed the votes and states necessary to achieve a presidential victory in Although Lincoln received only 40% of the popular vote, he won every northern and western state except New Jersey, giving him an absolute majority in the Electoral College.

Chapter Review Questions 1
Chapter Review Questions 1. What were the links between the Mexican War of 1846–1848 and Abraham Lincoln’s election as president in 1860?

Chapter Review Questions 1
Chapter Review Questions 1. What were the links between the Mexican War of 1846–1848 and Abraham Lincoln’s election as president in 1860? • Links included the emergence of Lincoln during the war as an antiwar Whig who championed free labor ideology. He later won election based on the Republican slogan of “free soil, free labor, freemen.” • Lincoln was elected in 1860 because of an ongoing ideological split between southern slave-holding states and northern free states over the spread of slavery to new territories and states. The War with Mexico in 1848 inflamed this debate, which Lincoln condemned as a young Congressman, establishing himself as a strong voice for free labor. • Lincoln’s election was made possible by a political vacuum created by the ideological differences between North and South over the spread of slavery.

2. When and why did the Second Party System of Whigs and Democrats collapse?

2. When and why did the Second Party System of Whigs and Democrats collapse? • The Second Party System collapsed when many southern Whigs refused to support General Winfield Scott as a presidential candidate in 1852 because many northern Whigs refused to support slavery. The conflict over slavery split both major political parties along sectional lines. The Whigs were unable to absorb these divisions and never again ran a national ticket. • The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 further divided and ruined the party, sending many antislavery members into the Republican ranks. The Democratic Party barely survived but lost the election of 1860 to a dark-horse candidate from a new third party.

3. Some historians claim that the mistakes of a “Blundering Generation” of political leaders led, by 1860, to the imminent breakup of the Union. Do you agree with their assessment? Why or why not?

3. Some historians claim that the mistakes of a “Blundering Generation” of political leaders led, by 1860, to the imminent breakup of the Union. Do you agree with their assessment? Why or why not? • Elected officials exert a strong force in shaping the fate of millions of average citizens through laws and policies passed in Congress. • The policies and decisions of James Buchanan and Stephen Douglas are a case in point: Buchanan supported the southern proslavery position and was unwilling to use his office to further compromise between North and South. Convinced that a final proslavery decision would end the fighting in Kansas, Buchanan pressured several federal judges to vote in tandem with their southern colleagues in the Dred Scott case of He then added fuel to the fire by recommending that Kansas be admitted as a slave state under a proslavery Lecompton legislature, despite public and official misgivings over the legitimacy of the Lecompton government. • Douglas wanted desperately to become president of the United States and earn wealth from being the spokesmen for a transcontinental railroad, so pushed the idea of popular sovereignty in the Kansas-Nebraska Act, resulting in violent outbreaks known as “Bleeding Kansas.”

America’s History Seventh Edition

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