1. CHAPTER 15: CIVIL WAR 1861-1865 ESSENTIAL QUESTION: How did people, places, and things affect the outcome of the Civil War?

2. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. border state – a slave state that did not secede emancipate – to set free Terms and People

3. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Some people think Lincoln’s dismissal caused more southern states to secede. After the attack on Fort Sumter, President Lincoln asked states to send troops to end what he called a “rebellion.” It did not appear that he thought the conflict would get bigger. The western counties of Virginia refused to secede. These joined the Union as the state of West Virginia.

4. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. A key question for both sides was whether the border states would side with the Union or the Confederacy. Possession of the border states was critical because it meant control of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers.

5. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Four border states did not secede: DelawareDelaware supported the Union. KentuckyKentucky started out neutral. After it was invaded by southern troops, Kentucky supported the Union. MissouriPresident Lincoln used force to keep Missouri in the Union. MarylandLincoln placed Maryland under martial law to keep it in the Union.

6. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. a larger population more acres of farmland more factories more railroad tracks The North was confident that it would win the war by taking advantage of its resources. These included: The North was able to field, feed, and equip larger armies.

7. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The Union had an advantage over the Confederacy in resources.

8. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. On the other hand, the South had the advantage of land. If the North wanted to seize southern land, northern troops would have to invade unfamiliar areas. Also, the South had more experienced leaders. Three generals, including Robert E. Lee, had resigned from the U.S. Army to help the South.

9. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The North planned a multipart strategy to defeat the South. Blockade southern ports. Seize Richmond. Gain control of the Mississippi River and split the South in two.

10. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The South had a simpler strategy. They also sought help from Britain and other European nations that relied on the South for cotton. Southerners believed that they only needed to defend their land until the northern armies got tired of fighting.

11. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Many of these soldiers were young and inexperienced. When the Civil War began, thousands of soldiers volunteered for the Union and Confederate armies. Many families were divided. Both sides had their plans, but challenges presented themselves at every turn.

12. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Life in an army camp was harsh. Soldiers faced boredom, disease, and even death. The camps were dirty and lacked clean water. Captured soldiers faced harsh conditions. Many soldiers died from outbreaks of disease. Thousands died from starvation or exposure in crowded prison camps.

13. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Because many soldiers were unskilled, Union General Irvin McDowell wanted time to train his men. However, in the North, newspapers called for a quick end to the war. Union soldiers marched toward Richmond. During the First Battle of Bull Run, Confederate General “Stonewall” Jackson and his men held firm.

14. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. During the battle, inexperienced Union soldiers panicked and then retreated. The Confederates were too exhausted to pursue them. Bull Run was an early sign that the war would be long and costly for both sides.

15. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The document freed slaves in areas that were fighting the Union. The Union had no power in these places. Few slaves were freed at first. After the Battle at Shiloh, On January 1, 1863, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation.

16. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Lincoln’s proclamation did not apply to the border states or to areas under Union control.

17. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The proclamation was both criticized and praised. Abolitionists said it should be applied throughout the country White southerners said Lincoln was trying to start a slave revolt. Union soldiers supported it because it weakened the South.

18. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The Emancipation Proclamation had important effects. Britain did not support the South. The Civil War became a struggle for freedom. African Americans united in support of the war. Effects of the Proclamation

19. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Following the Emancipation Proclamation, the Union allowed African Americans to serve in the military.

20. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. African American soldiers faced extra risks. African Americans captured in the South became slaves again or were killed. Many soldiers were former slaves who had escaped or were freed during the war. When they were captured, they were not treated as prisoners of war.

21. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Also, black and white soldiers were not treated as equals. African American soldiers served in all-black army regiments under white officers. The black soldiers earned less pay than the white soldiers.

22. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The most famous battle in which African Americans participated occurred at Fort Wagner. Although the Union force was overpowered, they fought bravely. Many African Americans also supported the Union cause as army cooks, wagon drivers, and hospital aides.

23. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In the South, many enslaved African Americans did what they could to hurt the Confederates. Working slowly Damaging equipment Giving information to Union armies

24. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. After the war, the Thirteenth Amendment banned slavery throughout the nation. The Emancipation Proclamation changed the focus of the Civil War and, thus, the future of the United States. The fight was now about abolishing slavery.

25. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The pain created by the Civil War did not only affect soldiers and slaves. In the North and the South, men and women from all walks of life had to cope with the pains of war.

26. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Not all northerners supported a war to end slavery. In addition to dividing the nation, the Civil War caused divisions within the North and South. Not all white southerners supported a war to defend slavery or secession.

27. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In the South, support for the war varied from state to state. Regions with large slaveholding plantations supported the war more than poor back-country regions. Georgia and North Carolina opposed the war. South Carolina objected to officers from other states leading its troops.

28. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Northerners were also divided over the war. Many opposed the Emancipation Proclamation. Some believed the South had a right to secede. Others blamed Lincoln and the Republicans for forcing the war. Those who opposed the war were strongest in Ohio, Illinois, and Indiana.

29. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. LocationWho ServedTime NorthWhite men ages 20 to 453 years SouthWhite men ages 18 to 35 (later changed to 50) 3 years Desertion was a major problem on both sides. Both sides instituted a draft to meet the need for troops.

30. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. This led to violent riots in the North. Both sides allowed draftees to hire substitutes to serve in their place. Wealthy people often avoided the draft. Poor men could not avoid the draft.

31. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The war was costly for both sides. The South was less able than the North to bear these costs.

32. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The Union took two major steps to pay the costs of fighting the war. Congress levied the first income tax in August 1861. The Union printed $400 million of paper money. This led to inflation, or a general rise in prices.

33. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Women on both sides contributed to the war by: joining the armies becoming spies behind enemy lines taking over businesses and farms working in factories The war gave women the opportunity to take on careers from which they had been excluded, such as teaching.

34. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Two key battles in 1863 turned the tide of the war for the Union—Gettysburg and Vicksburg.

35. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. General Lee lost nearly one-third of his troops in the three-day battle. The first decisive battle took place in the tiny town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The battle started when Union soldiers discovered Confederates raiding a shoe factory.

36. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The South also suffered a major loss in Vicksburg. Residents hid in caves and ate rats to keep from starving. In July 1863, the Confederates gave up. For six weeks, Grant laid siege to the town.

37. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In November 1863, 15,000 people gathered at Gettysburg to honor the soldiers who died there. In his Gettysburg Address, Lincoln looked ahead to a final Union victory. “We here highly resolve that... this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom.” Gettysburg Address

38. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In 1864, President Lincoln gave command of all Union forces to General Ulysses S. Grant. Grant’s huge army began hammering at the Confederates in a series of battles. The Confederates under Lee began running out of men and supplies, but Grant had a steady stream of both.

39. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Meanwhile, General William Tecumseh Sherman led another Union army toward Atlanta. Sherman was a tough soldier who believed in total war. Sherman’s troops captured Atlanta, and Sherman ordered it to be burned.

40. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. This is known as Sherman’s March to the Sea. From Atlanta, they moved east, destroying everything in their path.

41. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. On April 9, 1865, General Lee surrendered at Appomattox Court House. The Confederates had only to give up their weapons and leave in peace. Grant offered Lee generous terms.

42. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The Civil War was the bloodiest conflict the United States has ever fought with over half a million lives lost.

43. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The Civil War had two key results. It reunited the nation. It put an end to slavery. However, African Americans did not begin to experience full freedom for another 100 years.