1. Setting the Stage What didn’t Muhammad leave? What didn’t Muhammad leave? –Successor Who became the next leader? Who became the next leader? Abu-Bakr Abu-Bakr –Life long friend & supporter What was his title? What was his title? –Caliph (“Successor”)  Head of –State, army, society, econ & law

2. Spread

3. “Rightly Guided” Caliphs Abu-Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali Abu-Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali Why? Why? –Used Qur’an & M’s actions –Sunna & Hadith  As guides to leadership  Hence = “Rightly Guided”

4. Jihad 2 types in the Qur’an 2 types in the Qur’an –“Inner struggle” –Holy war against infidels  Abu-Bakr & other Caliphs –Justification to spread Islam

5. Reasons for Success Willing to fight to extend Islam Willing to fight to extend Islam Saw victories as a sign Saw victories as a sign –Allah’s support  Energy & inspiration Armies Armies –Well disciplined & good leaders

6. Reasons for Success Weak empires to the north Weak empires to the north –Byzantine & Sassanid  Exhausted from constant warfare –Rel. Persecution  Christianity V. Zoroastrianism

7. Treatment of Conquered Peoples Qur’an forbade forced conversion Qur’an forbade forced conversion Tolerated Christianity and Judaism Tolerated Christianity and Judaism –WHY? Non-Muslims: Non-Muslims: –Practice their religion –Could hold important positions  Officials, bureaucrats & scholars –BUT  Can’t spread their faith  Intermarriage discouraged  Pay  poll tax –Except from military service

8. Internal Conflict Civil War & assassinations Civil War & assassinations –Uthman –Ali (M’s son-in-law & cousin) Umayyads (661-750) Umayyads (661-750) –Moved capital to Damascus  Better location to control the empire –Abandoned simple life  Surrounded by wealth & ceremony

9. The Split Majority of Muslims accepted Umayyads Majority of Muslims accepted Umayyads –Sunni (83% modern day)  Mostly Arabs Minority Minority –Caliph must be  descendant of the Prophet  Shi’a (16% modern day)

10. Sufism Mysticism Mysticism Rejected luxuries Rejected luxuries

11. Abbasids (750-1258) Umayyad faced Umayyad faced –Vigorous rel & pol opposition Abbasids Abbasids –Most powerful rebel group –Ruthlessly murdered Umayyad Moved the capital 762 Moved the capital 762 –Baghdad  Location = key trade routes Failed to maintain complete pol. control Failed to maintain complete pol. control –Independent Muslim states  Rel, Language, trade & econ. ties