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Islam Expands Chapter 10 Section 2
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Caliph Umayyads Shi’a Sunni Sufi Abbasids Al-Andulas Fatimid Key Terms
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Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam
Muhammad had not named a successor Abu-Baker loyal friend Caliph- means successor or deputy Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam
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Right Guided Caliphs Umar, Uthman, and Ali all had know Muhammad
Rule was called caliphate Jihad-striving against evil Encouraged and justified expansion Right Guided Caliphs
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Right Guided Caliphs 634 AD Muslim state controlled Arabia
Umar second caliph conquered Syria and Egypt Uthman and Ali expanded territory from Atlantic ocean to Indus River Right Guided Caliphs
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Reasons for Success Muhammad had expressed desire to spread Islam
Victories a sign of Allah’s support Gave energy and inspiration Willing to struggle Reasons for Success
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Reasons for Success Muslim armies well trained and disciplined
Weakness in other empires Persecuted people often welcomed invaders Attracted to message of equality and hope Reasons for Success
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Treatment of Conquered People
Muslims allowed conquered people to keep their religions Christians and Jews paid a poll tax in exchange for exception of military duties Subject to various restriction Could not spread religion but could be officials and scholars Treatment of Conquered People
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Internal Conflict Creates Crisis
656 Uthman murdered Ali rightful ruler Challenged by Muyawiya governor of Syria Ali was assassinated Umayyads-family that came to power Internal Conflict Creates Crisis
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Internal Conflict and Crisis
Moved Muslim capitol to Damascus Made controlling conquered territories easier Surrounded themselves with wealth and ceremony Started a split Internal Conflict and Crisis
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Sunni- Shi’a Split Majority of Muslims adopted Umayyads rule
Shi’a- party of Ali Caliph needed to be a descendant of Muhammad Sunni- Umayyads became know as followers of Muhammad’s example Sufi-life of poverty and devotion Sunni- Shi’a Split
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Control Extends Over Three Continents
Abbasid came to power in 750 Murders the Umayyad family Abh al-Rahmanb escaped to Spain Set up Umayyad caliphate Control Extends Over Three Continents
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Abbasids Consolidate Power
Moved capitol to Baghdad Key route gave caliphs access to trade good Developed strong bureracracy Treasury kept track of money flows Special department managed the army Abbasids Consolidate Power
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Rival Groups Divide Muslim Lands
Abbasids taxed land, imports and exports, and non-Muslim wealth Rival groups divide Muslim lands 1258 Fatimid caliphate was formed Desecendant from Muhammad’s daughter Fatima Rival Groups Divide Muslim Lands
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Muslim Trade Networks Started in Africa and spread to the Red Sea
Engaged in sea trade with the world Land connected China, India, Europe and Africa Merchants needed a single language Single currency Muslim Trade Networks
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Muslim Trade Networks Muslims set up banks in cities (money changers)
Offered letters of credit (sakks) Could exchange it for cash in any other city Europe pronounced it as check Muslim Trade Networks
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Muslim Trade Networks Cordoba-10 century had a population of 200,000
Paris had 38,000 City attracted, poets, philosophers, and scientists Cordoba, Damascus, Cairo and Baghdad fueled period of immense achievements in the arts and sciences Muslim Trade Networks
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