1. Presented to:-Sir.Ali Presented by:-Mahmood Khan Roll No:-2801

2. Objectives:- 1. What is a Router? 2.Introduction t0RoutingFundamentals. 3.Router Modes. 4.Router Interfaces.

3. What Is Router? 1. A Router is a device that connects two networks - frequently over large distances. It understands one or more network protocols, such as IPor IPX. A Router accepts packets on at least two network interfaces, and forwards packets from one interface to another.IPIPX

4. Routing Fundamentals Routers examine a packet’s destination IP address and determine the best path by enlisting the aid of a routing table

5. Routing Fundamentals : Routers and the Network Layer – Routers use destination IP address to forward packets The path a packet takes is determined after a router consults information in the routing table After router determines the best path Packet is encapsulated into a frame Frame is then placed on network medium in form of Bits

6. Routing Fundamentals CONT…. Routers Operate at Layers 1, 2 & 3 – Router receives a stream of encoded bits – Bits are decoded and passed to layer 2 – Router de-encapsulates the frame – Remaining packet passed up to layer 3 Routing decision made at this layer by examining destination IP address – Packet is then re-encapsulated & sent out outbound interface

7. Router Hardware Fundamentals Router components and their functions: – CPU - Executes operating system instructions – Random access memory (RAM) - Contains the running copy of configuration file. Stores routing table. RAM contents lost when power is off. – Read-only memory (ROM) - Holds diagnostic software used when router is powered up. Stores the router’s bootstrap program. – Non-volatile RAM (NVRAM) - Stores startup configuration. This may include IP addresses (Routing protocol, Hostname of router). – Flash memory - Contains the operating system (Cisco IOS). – Interfaces - There exist multiple physical interfaces that are used to connect network. Examples of interface types: Ethernet / fast Ethernet interfaces Serial interfaces Management interfaces

8. Router Modes

9. Router Interfaces Router Interface is a physical connector that enables a router to send or receive packets Each interface connects to a separate network Consist of socket or jack found on the outside of a router Types of router interfaces: – Ethernet – Fastethernet – Serial – DSL – ISDN – Cable – Console – Aux –

10. Router Interfaces Two major groups of Router Interfaces – LAN Interfaces Are used to connect router to LAN network Has a layer 2 MAC address Can be assigned a Layer 3 IP address Usually consist of an RJ-45 jack – WAN Interfaces Are used to connect routers to external networks that interconnect LANs Depending on the WAN technology, a layer 2 address may be used Uses a layer 3 IP address

11. Eathernet 1. Ethernet is a family of computer networking technologies for local area networks (LANs). Ethernet commercially introduced in 1980 and standardized in 1985 as IEEE 802.3. Ethernet has largely replaced competing wired LAN technologies.computer networkinglocal area networksIEEE 802.3 2. Systems communicating over Ethernet divide a stream of data into shorter pieces called frames. Each frame contains source and destination addresses and error-checking data so that damaged data can be detected and re-transmitted. As per the OSI model Ethernet provides services up to and including the data link layer. framesOSI modeldata link layer

13. Fast Ethernet " Fast Ethernet port works with 100 Mbps and Ethernet port works with 10 Mbps ”

14. ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a set of communication standards for simultaneous digital transmission of voice, video, data, and other network services over the traditional circuits of the public switched telephone network. The telephone system was viewed as a way to transport voice, with some special services available for data. The key feature of ISDN is that it integrates speech and data on the same lines, adding features that were not available in the classic telephone system. There are several kinds of access interfaces to ISDN defined as Basic Rate Interface (BRI), Primary Rate Interface (PRI) and Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN).

16. DSL Multiple devices have been described as "residential gateways," each with a different function. Each type of device allows the connection of a LAN (used in the home) to a WAN. The WAN can often be the Internet or can merely be a larger LAN of which the home is a part (such as a municipal WAN that provides connectivity to the residences within the municipality). WAN connectivity may be provided through DSL, cable modem, a broadband mobile phone network, or other connections.LANWANInternetDSLcable modemmobile phone

17. Console This is use to configure the router.

18. Aux It is use to connect the router with remote access device/modem remotely access from other location.

19. Serial/WAN (Wide Area Network port) The socket on a network device that is wired to an external network such as the Internet. In the home and small business, a WAN port is typically an Ethernet port on a router that is wired to its counterpart port on a cable or DSL modem. In the larger enterprise, a WAN port may hook up to a T1 line or other wide area network service and use a V.35, RS-232 or RS-530 connection.

20. List Of Some Latest Routers 1200 series 1700 series 1800 &1900 series 2600,2800,&2900 series 3600,3700,3800,&3900 series 7300 & 7600 series