1. CCNA2 Chapter 1 Wide Area Networks and Routers

2. WAN is a data communications network that operates beyond a LAN’s geographic scope. Users subscribe to a WAN provider such as AT&T, Sprint, etc. These providers offer network services such as: Frame Relay Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) These services carry different traffic types: voice, data and video. WAN’s operate at the first three layers of the OSI. (Frame Relay actually operates at layer 1 and layer 2.) All of the WAN services have layer 1 & layer 2 in common.OSI. Other characteristics of WAN are: 1. operate past LAN geographic area 2. use serial connections 3. provide full-time & part-time connectivity WAN – Wide Area Networks

3. Router Internal Components Main internal components of the router 1.Random-access memory (RAM) 2.Nonvolatile random-access memory (NVRAM) 3.Flash memory 4.Read-only memory (ROM) 5.Interfaces

4. RAM stores routing tables holds ARP cache holds fast-switching cache performs packet buffering maintains packet-hold queues provides temporary memory for the configuration file of the router while the router is powered on loses content when router is powered down or restarted Router Internal Components

5. NVRAM provides storage for the startup configuration file retains content when router is powered down or restarted Router Internal Components

6. Flash memory holds the operating system image (IOS) allows software to be updated without removing & replacing chips on the processor retains content when router is powered down or restarted can store multiple versions of IOS software is electronically erasable, programmable ROM (EEPROM) Router Internal Components

7. ROM maintains instructions for power-on self test (POST) diagnostics stores bootstrap program & basic operating system software requires replacing pluggable chips on the motherboard for software upgrades Router Internal Components

8. Interfaces connect router to network for frame entry and exit can be on the motherboard or on a separate module connect the router to LANs and WANs Router Internal Components

9. RAM is used for routing table information and it holds the running configuration. NVRAM is used to store the backup/startup configuration file. Flash memory is used for storage of full Cisco IOS software images. ROM is used for permanently storing startup diagnostic code. The console port provides physical access for initial configuration. The interfaces provide LAN and WAN connectivity. Router Internal Components

10. DTE DCE Router Modem Example: interface between the Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) such as a router to the Data Circuit-Terminating equipment (DCE) to the WAN network such as a modem. DTE is on the customer’s side of the network. - converts user information into signals for transmission, or reconverts the received signals into user information The DCE - is typically a modem and in many cases is circuitry in a CO, switch which is made up of a CSU/DSU (Channel Service Unit/Data Service Unit). The major reason for CSU/DSU is to protect the equipment from CPE/DTE from aberrant voltages, and to ‘square’ up the signal. DCE is usually on the provider’s side. - A device that establishes, maintains and terminates a session on a network. It may also convert signals for transmission. It Subscriber to Provider Interface

11. Sample Lab Setup

12. DTE DCE Router Modem EIA/TIA-232, V.35, X.21, HSSI, others Subscriber to Provider Interface

13. The 3 basic types of connections on a router are: 1.LAN interfaces 2.WAN interfaces 3.Management ports Console auxiliary Router Physical Characteristics

15. Management ports provide Text-based connection Configuration, monitoring, password recovery and troubleshooting The management ports: EIA-232 asynchronous serial ports used for non-network connections used for initial router configuration to connect to a port, a PC must have a terminal emulation program rollover cable from PC to the management ports Router Physical Characteristics

16. The console port, says Cisco is preferred when troubleshooting: doesn’t depend on network services displays start and error messages by default To establish a connection between PC and a router, one needs terminal emulation software rollover cable RJ-45 to DB-9 connector Management Ports

18. Cisco says, the terminal emulation software, HyperTerminal, the parameters used to configure a router are: Data bits Stop bits parity Router Physical Characteristics

19. For a PC of a LAN to connect to a router, one straight-thru cable from the PC to a HUB or switch straight-thru cable from the HUB or switch to router’s Ethernet interface Router’s connection LAN and WAN

20. An internetwork must include: switching dynamic or static routing consistent end-to-end addressing Router’s connection LAN and WAN

21. DTE DCE Router Modem EIA/TIA-232, V.35, X.21, HSSI, others The connections to WAN on router is through the serial interface, either as a Smart Serial interface connector or DB-60 connector. The following devices are used in the construction of a WAN: communication servers routers modems Router’s connection LAN and WAN

22. According to Cisco, the common components between a router and PC are: 1. CPU 2. input/output interfaces 3. system bus Router vs. PC

23. OSI Model Data unit Layer Function Host layers Data ApplicationNetwork process to application PresentationData representation and encryption SessionInterhost communication SegmentsTransportEnd-to-end connections and reliability (TCP) Media layers PacketsNetworkPath determination and logical addressing (IP) FramesData linkPhysical addressing (MAC & LLC) BitsPhysicalMedia, signal and binary transmission