1. Balancing Global Public Goods and Agricultural Development Needs of Developing countries Uma Lele, Visiting Professor University of Maryland, Former Senior Advisor, Independent Evaluation Group, The World Bank

2. Changed International Aid Architecture Changed International Aid Architecture 1. Proliferation of International Organizations (IOs) and aid fragmentation with many competitors--280 international organizations and initiatives directly or indirectly competing with each other for donor resources 2. 100 International Initiatives in human health alone. 3. World Bank partnering in over 200 global and regional programs 4. At the country level too increased competition among donors—ODA agencies per country has risen from 12 in the 1960s to 33 in the 2001-2005 period. 5. Agility and modern management practices of new ‘kids on the block’ are attractive to donors compared to slow moving top heavy bureaucracies of traditional international organizations

3. Increased Complexities Facing International Organizations 1. Increased Memberships –number of countries increased from 50 odd at founding in 1945 to nearly 200 today 2. Growing differentiation among member countries with diverse needs and demands 3. Growing questioning of Role of the State in agricultural service delivery 4. Growing skepticism about traditional IO’s performance in aid constituencies 5. Within IOs-Weak HQ-- Country Linkages

4. Changing Donor Expectations of International Organizations With globalization increased reliance on market approaches With globalization increased reliance on market approaches Rapidly Expanding global and regional public goods agenda Rapidly Expanding global and regional public goods agenda Donor Country constituencies expect International Organizations to provide GPGs and RPGs Donor Country constituencies expect International Organizations to provide GPGs and RPGs Result: Most International Organizations pulled in opposite directions: GPGs and “demand driven” country needs Result: Most International Organizations pulled in opposite directions: GPGs and “demand driven” country needs

5. Questions being addressed in this Session What are global public goods? What are global public goods? Why has the importance of their delivery increased? Why has the importance of their delivery increased? What ingredients are needed to produce GPGs? What ingredients are needed to produce GPGs? What can and should realistically be expected of International Organizations? What can and should realistically be expected of International Organizations?

6. Growing GPG Agenda UN Agencies are depository of hundreds of formal and informal agreements. Of global importance e.g. UNFCCC, Fishing on the high seas, Codex Alimentarius plant genetic resources (ITPGR), plant protection (IPPC), UN Agencies are depository of hundreds of formal and informal agreements. Of global importance e.g. UNFCCC, Fishing on the high seas, Codex Alimentarius plant genetic resources (ITPGR), plant protection (IPPC), Information and knowledge as GPG-- statistics Information and knowledge as GPG-- statistics Policy As Good Practice and Policy Assistance as GPG Policy As Good Practice and Policy Assistance as GPG Climate Change—mitigation as well as adaptation—large role being assigned to forests as carbon sinks, hence International Organizations’ role in containing deforestation and degradation Climate Change—mitigation as well as adaptation—large role being assigned to forests as carbon sinks, hence International Organizations’ role in containing deforestation and degradation Control of communicable diseases with cross border spill overs—Avian Flu Control of communicable diseases with cross border spill overs—Avian Flu Management of natural resources: Biodiversity Conservation, safe uses of pesticides Management of natural resources: Biodiversity Conservation, safe uses of pesticides Of regional importance: agreements on fisheries, Of regional importance: agreements on fisheries, Increasing tendency for informal international standards to be turned into binding standards—forest certification trade in engendered species Increasing tendency for informal international standards to be turned into binding standards—forest certification trade in engendered species

7. Why Global/Regional/National Public Goods? Their non-rivalry and non-excludability spill across national boundaries Their non-rivalry and non-excludability spill across national boundaries Non-rivalry --many can consume, use, or enjoy a public good at the same time: one’s consumption does not reduce benefits others can derive from consuming the same good at the same time. Non-rivalry --many can consume, use, or enjoy a public good at the same time: one’s consumption does not reduce benefits others can derive from consuming the same good at the same time. Non-excludability--it is difficult to exclude from consumption those who do not pay for, or otherwise contribute to, the cost of supplying the good. Non-excludability--it is difficult to exclude from consumption those who do not pay for, or otherwise contribute to, the cost of supplying the good. With globalization and trade food safety issues, climate change, depletion of water, forests and biological diversity, increased threats of cross border transmission of communicable diseases, risks to human, animal and plant health With globalization and trade food safety issues, climate change, depletion of water, forests and biological diversity, increased threats of cross border transmission of communicable diseases, risks to human, animal and plant health Risks associated with large ecosystems with greater and faster trans-border impacts Risks associated with large ecosystems with greater and faster trans-border impacts Increased demand on developing countries to cooperate for the common good through international agreements and cooperation, Increased demand on developing countries to cooperate for the common good through international agreements and cooperation, Increased expectation that IOs should promote compliance of norms and standards, capture and share global experience and good practice with developing country member countries. Increased expectation that IOs should promote compliance of norms and standards, capture and share global experience and good practice with developing country member countries.

8. Contradictions in Generation Of Global Public Goods Divergence between global and local costs and benefits leading to need for gainers to compensate losers Divergence between global and local costs and benefits leading to need for gainers to compensate losers Most GPGs tend to be outcomes of sum total of outcomes at the regional and country levels and below Most GPGs tend to be outcomes of sum total of outcomes at the regional and country levels and below Generation of Global Public Goods require strong collaboration with developing country member governments and their stakeholders Generation of Global Public Goods require strong collaboration with developing country member governments and their stakeholders In addition it requires In addition it requires -Political commitment and active engagement of relevant actors -Political commitment and active engagement of relevant actors -Technical inputs including information and knowledge, technologies, and products relevant to local circumstances. -Technical inputs including information and knowledge, technologies, and products relevant to local circumstances. -Investment and operational financing to develop scientific, institutional, and other capacities to carry out programs, evaluate impacts, and adapt solutions to scale up and sustain impacts. -Investment and operational financing to develop scientific, institutional, and other capacities to carry out programs, evaluate impacts, and adapt solutions to scale up and sustain impacts. -Inputs from multiple sectors such as health, infrastructure, water supply and sanitation, education, and community participation. -Inputs from multiple sectors such as health, infrastructure, water supply and sanitation, education, and community participation.

9. Challenge of Identifying Specific Comparative Advantages of Individual IOs in GPG Provision Intergovernmental nature and mandate, Intergovernmental nature and mandate, Convening Power Convening Power Neutrality-Perception and Reality Neutrality-Perception and Reality In-house disciplinary expertise and global/member country knowledge In-house disciplinary expertise and global/member country knowledge Leadership in established global networks Leadership in established global networks Generation and Assembly of Global Data Sets Generation and Assembly of Global Data Sets Unique advantages: the multi-sectoral nature of the World Bank, WTO’s expertise on trade related matters FAO’s in agriculture and and natural resource management, WHO’s in Health and UNEP’s in Environment. Unique advantages: the multi-sectoral nature of the World Bank, WTO’s expertise on trade related matters FAO’s in agriculture and and natural resource management, WHO’s in Health and UNEP’s in Environment. Secretariats promotion or facilitation of international agreements Secretariats promotion or facilitation of international agreements

10. IO’s Role in GPGs: Advocacy, Knowledge Management, Investment, Capacity Building Dissemination of information and knowledge Dissemination of information and knowledge A Neutral platform for international dialogue and agreements A Neutral platform for international dialogue and agreements Advocacy to generate political commitment on issues at various levels. Advocacy to generate political commitment on issues at various levels. Investible resources Investible resources Technical expertise Technical expertise Institutional and human Capacity Building Institutional and human Capacity Building

11. Types of Imbalances Multilateral Assistance has increased but little increase in aid to agriculture and rural development Multilateral Assistance has increased but little increase in aid to agriculture and rural development Growing imbalance in resources among international organizations-FAO vis a vis the CGIAR Growing imbalance in resources among international organizations-FAO vis a vis the CGIAR Growing Role of Extra-budgetary resources – short term and unpredictable Growing Role of Extra-budgetary resources – short term and unpredictable Declining In-House Technical Expertise vs. Growing Use of Consultants Declining In-House Technical Expertise vs. Growing Use of Consultants Mixed Quality of TA Mixed Quality of TA

12. Environmental GPGs Uma Lele

13. Collective Action Problems Divergent interests and priorities among member countries with regard to specific GPGS. Divergent interests and priorities among member countries with regard to specific GPGS. Different capacities among member countries Different capacities among member countries to participate and exercise voice in defining agreements to participate and exercise voice in defining agreements To implement agreements To implement agreements Divergent views among government ministries within countries Divergent views among government ministries within countries Free-riding, under-funding, lack of voice in the design, and implementation of agreements Free-riding, under-funding, lack of voice in the design, and implementation of agreements Divergent global and local costs and benefits Divergent global and local costs and benefits

14. Some Examples of Accomplishments International Agreement on Fishing on the High seas International Agreement on Fishing on the High seas Agreement on Plant Genetic Resources Agreement on Plant Genetic Resources A multi stakeholder approach to handling of hazardous pesticides A multi stakeholder approach to handling of hazardous pesticides Avian Flu Initiative Avian Flu Initiative Development of soil maps Development of soil maps Development of agricultural research capacity Development of agricultural research capacity

15. Examples of Global agenda needing more resources and commitment to implement Effective Control of Over-fishing in global and regional arrangements including in inland fisheries; Effective Control of Over-fishing in global and regional arrangements including in inland fisheries; Support for regional economic cooperation, especially in trade and fisheries Support for regional economic cooperation, especially in trade and fisheries Implementation of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources Implementation of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources Capacity building for SPS, IPR and bio-safety Capacity building for SPS, IPR and bio-safety Implementation of various agreements on handling hazardous chemicals with regard to pesticides within the framework of a strengthened and updated Code of Conduct Implementation of various agreements on handling hazardous chemicals with regard to pesticides within the framework of a strengthened and updated Code of Conduct Improving governance in developing countries the areas of agriculture, food, and natural resource management. Improving governance in developing countries the areas of agriculture, food, and natural resource management. Integrating responses to climate and energy concerns in existing and new international agreements and helping developing countries to establish effective strategies. Integrating responses to climate and energy concerns in existing and new international agreements and helping developing countries to establish effective strategies.

16. Challenges in Developing and Implementing International Agreements Challenges in Developing and Implementing International Agreements Too many international entities leading to turf problems and lack of coordination, e.g., the Convention on Bio-Diversity (CBD), UNEP, UNCCD and other UN agencies and programs. Too many international entities leading to turf problems and lack of coordination, e.g., the Convention on Bio-Diversity (CBD), UNEP, UNCCD and other UN agencies and programs. Overlapping mandates. E.g., WTO on TRIPS, SPS, and WIPO on intellectual property. Overlapping mandates. E.g., WTO on TRIPS, SPS, and WIPO on intellectual property. GPGs, Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and poverty reduction issues GPGs, Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and poverty reduction issues Stakeholder perception of limited weight in the international development framework. Stakeholder perception of limited weight in the international development framework. International Organizations Insufficient links in member countries with influential stakeholders International Organizations Insufficient links in member countries with influential stakeholders

17. Overarching Conclusions International Organizations Do not. But Need: to Play up to their knowledge base and legitimacy Play up to their knowledge base and legitimacy Establish clear priorities Establish clear priorities between and among global agendas and local agendas between and among global agendas and local agendas Move Upstream away from a large number of small non-strategic demand driven activities Move Upstream away from a large number of small non-strategic demand driven activities Aim for larger impacts and adopt results based frameworks Aim for larger impacts and adopt results based frameworks Generate Systematic evidence of impacts—e.g. of the high profile international agreements, norms and standards and good practice manuals are being implemented, or Generate Systematic evidence of impacts—e.g. of the high profile international agreements, norms and standards and good practice manuals are being implemented, or Improve coherence between headquarter and country linkages within International Organizations Improve coherence between headquarter and country linkages within International Organizations Improve partnerships with external actors on a selective basis Improve partnerships with external actors on a selective basis