2.  D8 - Describe the availability, current uses and environmental issues related to the use of fossil and nuclear fuels to produce electricity.  D9 - Describe the availability, current uses and environmental issues related to the use of hydrogen fuel cells, wind and solar energy to produce electricity.  D25 - Explain how land development, transportation options and consumption of resources may affect the environment.  D26 - Describe human efforts to reduce the consumption of raw materials and improve air and water quality.

3.  A non-renewable resource ◦ Exists in finite supply ◦ Is used faster than it can replenish ◦ Ex: oil, coal, nuclear fuels

4. US Energy Resources :  Renewable energy: 8% US Energy Resources :  Renewable energy: 8%  Non-renewable energy: 92% Things to Consider when choosing Energy Sources Things to Consider when choosing Energy Sources  Future availability  Net energy yield  Cost  Environmental effects  Future availability  Net energy yield  Cost  Environmental effects

6. US uses 26% of oil extracted worldwide We have only 2.9% of world’s oil reserves Depletion of our reserves means more oil must be imported World oil reserves will be 80% depleted in 42-93 years We WILL run out of oil eventually!

7. Fig. 17-8 p. 356 PROS: High net energy Easily transported Strong infrastructure CONS: Requires subsidies Air pollution Global warming Limited supplies

8. Arctic National Wildlife Refuge: Is this the answer? Drilling the oil found there would only meet US needs for 7-24 months If we increase mpg requirements by only 1 mpg for new cars, that would offset our need to drill in Alaska Alaskan National Wildlife Refuge

9. Mostly methane + other gases Versatile and high net energy Cleaner burning than oil or coal But, US has only 3% of world supply

11. PROS  Produces 62% of world’s electricity and 52% of US electricity  Most abundant fossil fuel and could easily last at least 200 years  US has 25% of world’s reserves, Russia = 16%, China = 12%  High net energy yield, but…

12. CONS  Accounts for 36% CO 2 released  Severely degrades land causing land, air and water pollution  Severe human health threat  Causes air pollution and acid rain

13. Miller, 13 th edition, Fig. 15-7 p. 344

14. n U 235 92 36 Kr Ba 141 56 n n n 92 36 Kr U 235 92 U 235 92 Ba 141 56 92 36 Kr Ba 141 56 92 36 Kr Ba 141 56 n n n n n n n n U 235 92 U 235 92 U 235 92 U 235 92 n Nuclear Fission Nuclear fission is the splitting of nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers. Neutrons are fired at them, which causes them to split into lighter nuclei and to release single neutrons and lots of energy.

15. Miller, 13 th edition Fig. 15-36 p. 367

16. PROS  Significant fuel supply  Low CO 2 output  Moderate land disruption and pollution but… CONS Expensive-- subsidies needed Catastrophic accidents possible No solution to nuclear waste disposal Subject to terrorist attacks

17.  Read and take notes pp. 815-822