1. Energy Resources: Renewable and Nonrenewable

2. Renewable vs. Non-renewable
Non-renewable resource
Exists in finite supply
Is used faster than it can replenish
Ex: oil, coal, nuclear fuels
Renewable or perpetual
Replenishes very rapidly
Inexhaustible supply
Ex: solar, wind, hydropower
Take a closer look at our conventional fuel resources (i.e., oil, natural gas, coal, and nuclear)

3. Non-Renewable Energy Sources
Conventional
Petroleum
Natural Gas
Coal
Nuclear
Unconventional (examples)
Oil Shale
Natural gas hydrates in marine sediment
Non-renewable energy sources include fossil fuels and nuclear sources that are essentially finite in the earth’s crust. These represent the energy resource endowment for current and future generations.
These resources can be classified further as conventional and unconventional. Unconventional resources are not currently exploited at significant levels generally because they can not be economically extracted and/or refined.
Oil shale is source rock that has not yet released its oil. In the 1970’s it was thought to be the answer to US energy self-sufficiency. Oil shale is pulverized and heated to C (pyrolyzed, but the oil requires further upgrading before a refinery can use it as a feedstock.
Natural gas hydrates in marine sediment are a mixture of methane and H2O frozen into solid crystalline state at water depths of approximately 500m. It is derived from the decay of organic matter trapped in the sediment. It has been estimated that this resource is as large as 2x all known fossil fuels.

4. Renewable Energy Sources
Solar photovoltaic
Passive solar air and water heating
Wind
Hydropower
Biomass
Ocean energy
Geothermal
Waste to Energy

5. Evaluating Energy Resources
US Energy Resources:
Renewable energy: 8%
Non-renewable energy: 92%
Considerations for Resources
Future availability
On the left are criteria that we can use to compare various energy resources. On the right is a diagram that shows commercial energy use by source in the U.S.
We get 92% of our energy from non-renewable resources, mostly oil (which we import), coal, and natural gas.
Net energy yield: total amount of energy available minus the energy needed to find, extract, process, and get that energy to consumers. Similar to NPP for ecosystems. When the ratio is greater than one, there is a net energy gain; when it is less than 1, there is a net energy loss. Some analysts call the amount of energy needed to support a resource’s use embodied energy.
Net energy yields for various energy systems:
Solar (photovoltaic): 2-10
Solar (passive): 5.4
Natural gas: 4.9
Oil:
Coal:
Net energy yield
Cost
Environmental effects

6. Petroleum (Oil): 39% of US Energy
Fig p. 356
US uses 26% of oil
extracted worldwide;
we have 2.9% of world’s oil reserves
Depletion of our reserves
means more oil imported
World oil reserves 80%
depleted in years
Oil is a finite resource!
Crude oil: oil as it comes out of the ground
This diagram is a simplified version of the oil refining process. Crude oil is made of of many different compounds, each with its specific boiling point. Using distillation, we are able to separate out these compounds and turn them into commercial products, ranging from gas to asphalt.
Currently the U.S. has only 3% of the world’s oil reserves, but we use 26% of the crude oil extracted annually (68% for transportation). In 2001, the U.S. imported 55% of its oil, and about 23% of this came from Persian Gulf countries. Some opponents of the military conflict between the U.S. and Iraq believe that the war was waged largely to maintain a more secure hold on foreign oil reserves.
OPEC consists of 11 countries that possess 67% of the world’s crude oil reserves. Oligopoly. Saudi Arabia has 26%, Iraq, Kuwait, Iran, and the UAE each have 9-10%.

7. Oil: 39% of US Energy Pros of Oil: High net energy Easily transported
Fig p. 356
Pros of Oil:
High net energy
Easily transported
Strong infrastructure
Cons of Oil:
Requires subsidies
Air pollution
Global warming
Limited supplies
Crude oil: oil as it comes out of the ground
This diagram is a simplified version of the oil refining process. Crude oil is made of of many different compounds, each with its specific boiling point. Using distillation, we are able to separate out these compounds and turn them into commercial products, ranging from gas to asphalt.
Currently the U.S. has only 3% of the world’s oil reserves, but we use 26% of the crude oil extracted annually (68% for transportation). In 2001, the U.S. imported 55% of its oil, and about 23% of this came from Persian Gulf countries. Some opponents of the military conflict between the U.S. and Iraq believe that the war was waged largely to maintain a more secure hold on foreign oil reserves.
OPEC consists of 11 countries that possess 67% of the world’s crude oil reserves. Oligopoly. Saudi Arabia has 26%, Iraq, Kuwait, Iran, and the UAE each have 9-10%.

8. Peak Production of Petroleum in US
Source: EIA, Long Term World Oil Supply (A Resource Base/Production Path Analysis) 07/28/2000, Authors: John Wood, Gary Long
1. The graph shows proved reserves and production of conventional oil for the lower-48 States and the continental shelf.
2. M. King Hubbert, in his famous 1956 paper “Nuclear Energy and the Fossil Fuels” (Drilling and Production Practices, American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC, 1956), predicted that Lower-48 States oil production would peak in 1965 if the assumed ultimate cumulative production were 150 billion barrels or in 1970 if the assumed ultimate cumulative production were 200 billion barrels.
3 For the United States, actual production peaked in 1970.
4. Hubbert also predicted that proved reserves of oil would peak before production peaked, and U.S. proved reserves did so in These U.S. reserves and production peaks still look like they will be the all-time peaks.
5. The United States experience conforms to the expected nature of the production cycle of a finite resource - and conventional oil is a finite resource.
6. Although market mechanisms such as higher prices and/or the application of new discovery, production, or end-use technologies might delay the peak and/or slow the decline, eventually production will peak and then fall for any finite resource.
7. If one can estimate the ultimate cumulative production (ultimate recovery) and the rates of production increase up to the peak and decline after the peak, then it is straightforward to predict when the production peak will occur. We’ll demonstrate this later in the presentation.

9. Arctic National Wildlife Refuge:
Is this the answer?
Page 360 in Miller highlights a current issue regarding natural resource development: drilling in the ANWR.
Pro: increase US oil and natural gas supplies; reduce US dependence of foreign oil, and lower energy prices; argue that they have developed Prudoe Bay resources without significant harm to wildlife and that this development would be carried out in a similar manner.
Con: only a 19% chance of finding enough oil to last the US 7-24 months; it would take 10 years for any oil or natural gas generated to become available commercially available. Improving energy efficiency would be a much more prudent way to spend the money; risks of oil spills on environmentally significant area not worth the risk, terrorism risks.
In-class writing assignment: Do you believe oil companies should be allowed to explore and remove oil and natural gas from ANWAR? Why or why not?
Would meet US needs for 7-24 months
1 mpg increase for new cars = ANWR

10. Natural Gas: 23% of US Energy
Mostly methane + other gases
LNG-versatile and high net energy
Cleaner burning than oil or coal
But, US has only 3% of world supply
Mostly CH4
Russia and Kazakshstan have 42% of the world’s known supply and geologists expect to find more in unexplored developing countries.
Applications: home heating (53% of homes in US) and electricity (16% of US electricity use)
Since the combustion of methane is so much cleaner than other options (such as coal), some analysts view it as the transition fuel that we will use while we move to solar and hydrogen-based energy systems. However, using natural gas as a primary fuel in the U.S. will require a huge federal investment because the pipeline infrastructure does not presently exist.
Picture: combined-cycle natural gas systems involve burning gas in combustion turbines to produce electricity

11. Coal: 23% of US Energy Fig. 17-20 p. 364
Coal provides about 21% of the world’s commercial energy (22% of the US), and it generates most of the world’s electricity (62% globally, 52% in the US). It is our most abundant fossil fuel, but also our dirtiest. Coal combustion accounts for 36% of global CO2 emissions and burning coal with a high sulfur content contributes to acid rain. Trace amounts of mercury (highly toxic) and radioactive compounds are also released when coal is burned.
Techniques and technologies for making coal cleaner burning (e.g., coal washing, fluidized beds, gasification) have been transferred on a project level (demonstrating technical feasibility), from Japan to China, but not in a way that makes them commercially viable because the enforcement of air pollution laws is weak. Since China has 11% of the world’s reserves, and since it is planning on using them to fuel its rapid economic development, environmentalists are concerned. The leading cause of death in China is lung disease, caused primarily by the burning of coal in the home for heat and cooking.

12. Coal: 23% of US Energy
Produces 62% of world’s electricity and 52% of US electricity
Most abundant fossil fuel and could easily last at least 200 years
US has 25% of world’s reserves, Russia = 16%, China = 12%
High net energy yield, but…
Coal provides about 21% of the world’s commercial energy (22% of the US), and it generates most of the world’s electricity (62% globally, 52% in the US). It is our most abundant fossil fuel, but also our dirtiest. Coal combustion accounts for 36% of global CO2 emissions and burning coal with a high sulfur content contributes to acid rain. Trace amounts of mercury (highly toxic) and radioactive compounds are also released when coal is burned.
Techniques and technologies for making coal cleaner burning (e.g., coal washing, fluidized beds, gasification) have been transferred on a project level (demonstrating technical feasibility), from Japan to China, but not in a way that makes them commercially viable because the enforcement of air pollution laws is weak. Since China has 11% of the world’s reserves, and since it is planning on using them to fuel its rapid economic development, environmentalists are concerned. The leading cause of death in China is lung disease, caused primarily by the burning of coal in the home for heat and cooking.

13. Coal: 23% of US Energy Accounts for 36% CO2 released
Severely degrades land causing land, air and water pollution
Severe human health threat
Air pollution and acid rain
Coal provides about 21% of the world’s commercial energy (22% of the US), and it generates most of the world’s electricity (62% globally, 52% in the US). It is our most abundant fossil fuel, but also our dirtiest. Coal combustion accounts for 36% of global CO2 emissions and burning coal with a high sulfur content contributes to acid rain. Trace amounts of mercury (highly toxic) and radioactive compounds are also released when coal is burned.
Techniques and technologies for making coal cleaner burning (e.g., coal washing, fluidized beds, gasification) have been transferred on a project level (demonstrating technical feasibility), from Japan to China, but not in a way that makes them commercially viable because the enforcement of air pollution laws is weak. Since China has 11% of the world’s reserves, and since it is planning on using them to fuel its rapid economic development, environmentalists are concerned. The leading cause of death in China is lung disease, caused primarily by the burning of coal in the home for heat and cooking.

14. Mining Waste Impacts on Surface and Groundwater
Miller, 13th edition, Fig p. 344
This figure shows what happens when mining operations get caught up in the hydrologic cycle. Because there is no away (law of conservation of matter), mining waste has to go somewhere, and that somewhere is often a receiving body of water.

16. Nuclear: 8% of US Energy Significant fuel supply
Low CO2 output
Moderate land disruption and pollution but…
Expensive--subsidies needed
Catastrophic accidents possible
No solution to nuclear waste disposal
Subject to terrorist attack
What is nuclear energy?
In a nuclear fission reaction, neutrons split the nuclei of atoms such as uranium-235 and plutonium-239. In the process, energy (primarily in the form of high temperature heat) is released. In a nuclear reactor, the production of heat generated by this reaction is controlled and used to produce high pressure steam, which is in turn used to spin turbines that generate electricity.
Nuclear fission is basically the splitting of nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers. Neutrons are fired at them, which causes them to split into lighter nuclei and to release single neutrons and energy. These single neutrons can in turn cause additional fission, but there has be enough single neutrons (critical mass) in order for the reaction to sustain itself.
If controllable, nuclear power can be an efficient source of power, but large government subsidies distort the true price of nuclear and the disposal of nuclear waste has proven to be an environmentalists nightmare. Disasters on the global scale, such as Chernobyl and Three Mile Island, also highlight the risk of this type of energy source.

17. U n Kr n U n U n Ba Kr n Kr n n n n U n Ba Kr n Ba U n U n Ba U
235 92 U n 92 36 Kr
235 92 n U n
235 92 U n
141 56 Ba 92 36 Kr n 92 36 Kr n n n n
235 92 U n
141 56 Ba
Nuclear fission is basically the splitting of nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers. Neutrons are fired at them, which causes them to split into lighter nuclei and to release single neutrons and energy. These single neutrons can in turn cause additional fission, but there has be enough single neutrons (critical mass) in order for the reaction to sustain itself. 92 36 Kr
141 56 n Ba
235 92 U n
235 92 U n
141 56 Ba
235 92 U

18. Nuclear: 8% of US Energy Miller, 13th edition Fig. 15-36 p. 367
What is nuclear energy?
In a nuclear fission reaction, neutrons split the nuclei of atoms such as uranium-235 and plutonium-239. In the process, energy (primarily in the form of high temperature heat) is released. In a nuclear reactor, the production of heat generated by this reaction is controlled and used to produce high pressure steam, which is in turn used to spin turbines that generate electricity.
Nuclear fission is basically the splitting of nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers. Neutrons are fired at them, which causes them to split into lighter nuclei and to release single neutrons and energy. These single neutrons can in turn cause additional fission, but there has be enough single neutrons (critical mass) in order for the reaction to sustain itself.
If controllable, nuclear power can be an efficient source of power, but large government subsidies distort the true price of nuclear and the disposal of nuclear waste has proven to be an environmentalists nightmare. Disasters on the global scale, such as Chernobyl and Three Mile Island, also highlight the risk of this type of energy source.
Miller, 13th
edition
Fig
p. 367

20. Nuclear Fusion

23. Fusion-Disadvantages
Need around 100 millon degrees for duterium and tritium to fuse
With our current technology, we use more energy than we can produce.

24. Oil Shale
Fine grained rock containing a solid , waxy mixture of hydrocarbons called kerogen
Extracted from rock by crushing and heating.
Global supplies are potentially 200 times larger than conventional oil.

25. Oil Shale-Disadvantages:
Lower net energy yield
Requires large amounts of water
Contaminates water supplies with toxic metals
Too expensive

26. Tar Sands
Mixture of clay, sand, water, and bitumen (gooey black high-sulfur oil)
Removed by surface mining using pressurized steam
World’s largest supply in northern Alberta, Canada

27. Tar Sands-Disadvantages
Low net energy yield
Requires large quanties of water
Creates huge waste dispposal ponds

28. Natural Gas Hydrates
Methane Hydrates found in a solid form under great pressure in deep ocean sediments
Cannot be retreived efficiently with current technology

29. Renewable Energy sources

30. Solar Energy
Solar energy consists of harnessing radiant energy from the sun.
Active solar heats water or air inside a home-requires electricity to circulate
Passive solar-the structure is built to maximize solar capture
Photovoltaic cells generate electricity

31. Solar Energy Pros Cons Limitless supply Little environmental impact
Good for remote locations
Inefficient where sunlight is limited
Maintenance costs high
Systems must be periodically replaced
Current efficiency only 10%-25%

32. Wind Energy
Wind turns giant turbine blades that produce electricity

33. Wind Energy Pros Cons Can be built quickly Maintenance is low
Moderate to high energy yeild
No air pollution
Land underneath can be used for agriculture
Steady wind is required
Needs backup systems
Visual and noise pollution
May interfere with flight patterns of birds

34. Hydropower: 10 % of US Energy
Dams built to trap water, which in turn is then released and channeled through turbines to generate electricity

35. Hydropower Pros Cons Control flooding Low operating cost No pollution
Long life span
Moderate to high energy yield
Areas for water recreation
Displace many people
Destroy wildlife habitats
Sedimentation requires dredging
Expensive to build
Destroys wild rivers

36. Biomass Any carbon-based, biologically derived fuel source.
Plants suitabelefor biofuel include switch grass, corn, and sugarcane
Supplies about 15% of world’s energy

37. Biomass Pros Cons Renewable energy source Can be sustainable
Does not distupt atmospheric CO2
Requires adequate water and fertilizer
Could cause massive deforestation
Expensive to transport
Not efficient

38. Geothermal < 1% US Energy
Heat from underground rock or magma used to produce steam that drive turbines.

39. Geothermal Pros Cons Moderate energy yield
Limitless and reliable source if managed properly
Little air pollution
Competitive cost
Reservoir sites are scarce
Can be depleted if not managed properly
Noise, odor, land subsidence
Can degrade ecosystem

40. Solutions: Energy Efficiency!
43% of energy in the US is wasted unnecessarily
Incandescent bulb=5% efficient
Fluorescent bulb=20% efficient
Auto fleet standards = CAFE Standards (Corporate Average Fuel Economy)
12.9 mpg in 1974
27.9 mpg today
40 mpg CAFE standard would cut gas use by 50%
What is nuclear energy?
In a nuclear fission reaction, neutrons split the nuclei of atoms such as uranium-235 and plutonium-239. In the process, energy (primarily in the form of high temperature heat) is released. In a nuclear reactor, the production of heat generated by this reaction is controlled and used to produce high pressure steam, which is in turn used to spin turbines that generate electricity.
Nuclear fission is basically the splitting of nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers. Neutrons are fired at them, which causes them to split into lighter nuclei and to release single neutrons and energy. These single neutrons can in turn cause additional fission, but there has be enough single neutrons (critical mass) in order for the reaction to sustain itself.
If controllable, nuclear power can be an efficient source of power, but large government subsidies distort the true price of nuclear and the disposal of nuclear waste has proven to be an environmentalists nightmare. Disasters on the global scale, such as Chernobyl and Three Mile Island, also highlight the risk of this type of energy source.

41. Efficiencies

42. Ways to Improve Energy Efficiency
Insulation
Eliminate air leaks
Air to air heat exchangers
Efficient appliances
Efficient electric motors
High-efficiency lighting
Increasing fuel economy

43. Toward a Sustainable Energy Future
Increase fuel efficiency standards for vehicle, appliances, buildings
Tax and other financial incentives for energy efficiency
Subsidize renewable energy use, research and development
By 2050:
renewable energy=50%
cut coal use by 50%
phase out nuclear altogether
What is nuclear energy?
In a nuclear fission reaction, neutrons split the nuclei of atoms such as uranium-235 and plutonium-239. In the process, energy (primarily in the form of high temperature heat) is released. In a nuclear reactor, the production of heat generated by this reaction is controlled and used to produce high pressure steam, which is in turn used to spin turbines that generate electricity.
Nuclear fission is basically the splitting of nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers. Neutrons are fired at them, which causes them to split into lighter nuclei and to release single neutrons and energy. These single neutrons can in turn cause additional fission, but there has be enough single neutrons (critical mass) in order for the reaction to sustain itself.
If controllable, nuclear power can be an efficient source of power, but large government subsidies distort the true price of nuclear and the disposal of nuclear waste has proven to be an environmentalists nightmare. Disasters on the global scale, such as Chernobyl and Three Mile Island, also highlight the risk of this type of energy source.