1. Non Renewable Resources Oil Natural Gas CoalNuclear

2. OIL  Most widely used Energy Resource  U.S. uses 26% of all Crude oil extracted worldwide  U.S. only has ~2.9% of oil reserves  U.S. domestic oil ~1/4 of it comes from offshore drilling off TX and LA

3. What is OPEC? P. 356 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Have 78% of all oil reserves

4. 1973 U.S. Oil Embargo Why? 1. increase demand for oil in U.S. b/c of increase in population 2. U.S. supported/assisted Israel when they invaded/attacked Syria and Egypt. So… any nation who supported Israel had no oil shipped to them.

5. The Oil Crisis led to…  President Carter passing the National Energy Act 1977. Which focused on Energy regulations on Fossil Fuels and more conservation  Department of Energy [DOE] was created 1977  1980 Congress passed the Energy Security Act which focused on Alternate Energy like solar and geothermal

6. OIL supplies with 80 % depletion Globally w/in 42-93 yrs U.S. w/in 10-48 yrs [why such a wide range?] Barrel price Beginning 1973 $3.00 End of embargo $11.65 2008 $110.00 2011 $98.43 TODAY $107.42

7. SHOULD we build in ANWAR? [Artic National Wildlife Refuge] p. 360 Bring jobs Bring jobs more oil to U.S. more oil to U.S. May lower prices slightly May lower prices slightly  Only a 19% chance of finding oil EQUAL to what the U.S. CONSUMES in 7-24 months!!!!  Oil spills  Environmental damage

8. Conventional Oil High Net Energy Easy transportation Low land use Ample supply 42-93 yrs Low cost [w/SUBSIDES from the GOVT]  Need to find a substitute w/in 50 yrs No incentive to find another source b/c so cheap 43% of all CO2 emissions in atmosphere comes from transportation fuels Possible oil spills

9. OIL Sands or Tar sands p. 361 Unconventional Oil A mixture of clay, sand, water called Bitumen How extracted? * Strip mining * Bitumen heated up to extract the oil then refined. * Canada has 15% of the WORLD’s oil reserve trapped within oil sands, second to Saudi Arabia  Very expensive and lots of land damage, low net energy compared to conventional oil, water pollution Oil sands Youtubes http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ro0LWXPlTSA&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mBePqKw7tyk&NR=1

10. The Keystone Pipeline: Very controversial in the news right NOW. WHY? And What is it?  It is a pipeline that will transport synthetic crude oil from Althabasca Oil sands in Alberta Canada across the mid west over the Ogallala aquifer. jobs created, less jobs created, less need for foreign oil need for foreign oil  Oil leaks, land disrupted, oil sand refining creates oil sand refining creates lots of water pollution and lots of water pollution and air pollution air pollution

11. Conventional Natural [NG]  Found on top of crude oil  Contains: mostly Methane, propane, butane  Used to heat homes, fuel some engines, generate some electricity

12. Conventional Natural [NG] High net energy ample World supplies (~62-125 yrs) Easily transported Low cost with subsidies Low land use Nonrenewable Releases CO2 Methane released

13. NG reserves  Russia ~31%  36% in Middle East  U.S. has 3% of reserves In U.S. NG used for… 53% of heat for homes 53% of heat for homes 16% of electricity 16% of electricity Most pipelined from Canada

14. Unconventional NG 3 types Where? 1. Underground with permafrost 2. Beneath Deep Ocean Sediments In the form of… Methane Hydrates Methane Hydrates  Hard to getHard to get Expensive to getExpensive to get Low net energyLow net energy When methane hydrate warms, releases (CH4) into atmosp.When methane hydrate warms, releases (CH4) into atmosp. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJpGYXnVP Zk&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJpGYXnVP Zk&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B36EoEuKjV g http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B36EoEuKjV g

15. 3. Hydraulic fracturing (Fracking)  Look at images in next slide.  A process that injects water, sand and a cocktail water, sand and a cocktail of chemicals (such as benzene, of chemicals (such as benzene, toluene) into deep wells toluene) into deep wells at high pressure. at high pressure. The goal is to fracture the Shale rock to release natural gas.

17. LPG [Liquidified Petroleum Gas]  Commonly called Propane gas  under a certain pressure it turns to liquid  a by-product of oil refining

18. LNG [Liquified Natural Gas]  NG that has been supercooled to - 260 degrees F (- 162 degrees C).  It then condenses into a liquid  lower air emissions than other fossil fuels, such as oil or coal.  LNG is odorless, colorless, non- corrosive and non-toxic.

19. COAL  World’s most abundant Fossil Fuel  Formed from buried plant and animal remains about 300-400 mya  Creates ~62% of World’s electricity and ~52% of U.S.  China has the most reserves, Russia second and then the U.S.  Supplies should last ~214-1125 yrs depending on rate of use.

20. Two types of coal fig 17-20 Anthracite Low sulfur High Heat content Limited supplies (Hard Coal) Bituminous High Sulfur content High heat content Large supplies (Soft coal) more moisture than anthracite

21. Environmental Impact of using COAL SO2 released Trace amts. of mercury [Hg] and arsenic Black lung disease for miners Land stripped Accounts for ~1/3 of World’s annual CO2 emissions. Accounts for ¼ of atmospheric Hg in U.S.

22. Coal videos  CBS News…China’s pollution reaching the U.S. http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=2895773n&tag=mncol;lst;5 http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=2895773n&tag=mncol;lst;5  CBS News…Coal Ash http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=6775608n&tag=related;photovideo Mt. Top Removal in Appalachia http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VoOIB3_7bzU&feature=related A future for CLEAN Coal? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=goVXD4D1y5k

23. Nuclear Energy  In a Conventional Nuclear reactor, isotopes of Uranium or plutonium undergo controlled nuclear fission reactions.  Result, lots of het used to produce steam which spins the turbines to generate electricity

25. And  on Nuclear power And  on Nuclear power  Low Carbon emissions (mostly from fuel reprocessing)  Ample supply  Moderate land disruption  Low environmental impact WITHOUT accidents   High cost event with subsides from govt  Low net energy yield  Catastrophic accidents happen (Chernobyl, Fukishima)  Radioactive waste created and lasts 10,000 years  Terrorist attacks  Only one place to dispose of all the waste…Yucca Mountain, Nevada

26. Nuclear accidents  Chernobyl, Russia- human error  Three Mile Island, Pennsylvania (although no deaths, brought changes to Nuclear Power Plants)- human error  Fukushima, Japan- Tsunami